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ተያያዥ ድህረገፆች

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Before we begin: 

ለራስ-እድገትዎ የጀርባ አጥንት ሆኖ የሚያገለግለውን ወሳኝ ግብአት ላስተዋውቃችሁ -  

ንጉሴ & ትርሲት(N&T) የእውቀት ጥንቅር። 

ይህ በተለያዩ ዘርፎች ውስጥ በተመረጡ ምንጮች የተቀነባበረ ወሳኝ ግንዛቤዎችን ጥልቅ ምረዳቶችን ከብዙ የተመረጡ ግበአቶች ያሰበሰበ ነው፣ ይህም አንድ ሰው ለመማር ሊመርጥ በሚችለው በማንኛውም የጥናት መስክ ላይ ጠንካራ መሰረት ይፈጥራል። በደንብ ከተመረመሩ የእውቀት ምንጮች ዝነባሌዎ ወይም አቅጣጫዎ ምንም ይሁን ምን ማስተዋልዎን ያለማቋረጥ ማስፋት ይችላሉ። 

የN&T የእውቀት ዳታቤዝ ልዩ ጥንቅር በመያዙ እና በተጠና መንገድ አቀናብሮ በማቅረብ የተለየ ያደርገዋል። ይህም የላቀ ደረጃ ላይ ለመድረስ እጅግ በጣም ጠቃሚ የሆነ መማሪያ ያደረገዋል፣ ፍላጎትዎ በሚስቦት ማራኪ ዘርፎች እድገትን ያግኙ: -

 

Health & Wellness: 730 essential pages curated from over 15 health resources.

Finance: 535 distilled pages from 9 financial sources.

History: Over 1500 impactful pages sifted from 13 selected books, several videos and online contents.

Relationships: 480 optimized pages derived from reviewing 12 books and extensive videos/articles.

Natural Science & Math: Featuring over 500 condensed pages gleaned from examinations of 21 authoritative references across multiple disciplines.

Philosophy, Politics & Law: Condensed over 9 premier sources into 850 pages of the most insightful content

Psychology: Delivering over 1600 curated pages distilling core models and actionable knowledge after careful vetting of premier academic sources and empirical findings. It involve 23 books countless videos and global knowledge sources.

Corporate Excellence/ Business Intelligence: Providing 1700 insights optimized from analysis of 34 pivotal business books and many more internet sources alongside pertinent case studies, to nurture a culture of high performance.

 

Spiritual Wisdom Compendium: contains more than 360 pages of condensed material drawn from 5 foundational texts as well as video and more additional sources.

 

እንደ ተጨማሪ እሴት፣ ለአማርኛ እና ለእንግሊዘኛ ሁለገብ ግብአቶች የያዘ የቋንቋ ዕውቀት በእርስዎ ስምምነት መሰረት ይካተታል። በተጨማሪም፣ አጠር ያለ የአውሮፓ ሙዚቃ ጥናትም አካቷል። እንዲሁም እራስን ለመገምገም እና ለማወቅ የሚውል ደብተር ይኖርዎታል። ለአንዳንድ ሰዎች ይህ ትልቅ ራስን መለኪያ እና ማሻሻያ በመሆን ለውሳኔ ይረዳቸዋል። 

ይህን ፕሪሚየም የእውቀት ክፍሎች የመጀመሪያ ምርጫዎን በነፃ መውሰድ ይችላሉ። 

As you embark on an unrelenting journey to unlock your fullest potential intellectually and professionally, the N&T database's unparalleled repository of knowledge will be an indispensable wellspring. This will be foundational for your area of expertise all condensed in one place; for your aspired excellence and bright future in it. 

ችሎታዎን እና እውቀትዎን ለማሳደግ የተወሰነ ጥረት በቀጣይነት በማድረግ ራስዎን ያሳድጉ።

በ 09-21-63-01-83 ስምዎትን አስተዋውቀው ፍላጎትን ከላይ ከተዘረዘረው ከፍሎች ውስጥ መርጠው በTELEGRAM ይላኩ። በነፃ ወይም ከትንሽ ወጪ እልፍ ይገበያሉ። ይህ ለተወሰነ ጊዜ የሚቆይ አቅርቦት ስለሆነ እንዳይዘናጉ።

በመጨረሻ ራስን ማስተዳደር እና የህልውና ጥበብ በሚል የተዘጋጀ ከእውነተኛ ተሞክሮዎች እንዲሁም ከ N&T የእውቀት መሰረት ወደኑሮ በቀጥታ የሚተገብሩ አቅጣጫዎችን የያዘ ጥቅል እንድትጠቀሙ ያስችልዎታል። ከዚህ ቡኃላ ልዩ  ልዩ የኑሮዎ ገጽታዎችን በጥበብ በመያዝ  ከቁጭት ነፃ ሆነው በሙሉ መተማመን የተሻለ ነገን ማየት ይችላሉ። ይህንንም ምርጥ የድርጊት አቅጣጫዎች ለመውሰድ ፍላጎት ካልዎት ያስውቁን። ይህም በእርግጠኝነት ህይወትዎን ለመለወጥ መመሪያ ይሆናል።

Note: We would like to attribute each offer by name, so we need your Full name in a text message.

NOW BACK TO THE MAIN TOPIC OF THE WEBSITE

INTRODUCTION

I would like to thank the sources that I used to create this website. I have personally contacted some of the major sources I used and gave me the permission to create a local website of this one. I also added my own tips and important charts I created myself and from the internet. 

Consider this as a mini-book. there are a pre-made charts that you need to understand and use. you can try to adjust it a little bit if you need to.

ምንም እንዃ ለአረዳድ ቀለል ተደርጎ የተፃፈ ቢሆንም በፅሁፉ ላይ የምታገኛቸው የእነግሊዘኛ ቃላት አዲስ ከሆኑብህ እና ለመረዳት ቢከብድህ ከመዝገበ ቃላት በመረዳት ፅሁፉን እንድትጨርሰው አሳስብለሁ፡፡

ይህ ድህረገፅ እና (ተያያዥ ድህረገፆች) ሙሉ ለሙሉ ለተማሪዎች አገልግሎት እንጂ ለጥቅም ያልተቋቋመ መሆኑን ላሳስብ እፈልጋለ

ሁ፡፡ ይህን ደህረገፅ  ቢያንስ ለሁለት ሰው በማስተዋወቅ እንድታግዘን በትህትና  እጠይቃለሁ፡፡

The goal of this educational guide is to have a uniform way of managing your academics so that you will ensure the success and the time freedom. በዚህ ብሎግ ላይ የተገለፁትን የጥናት ዘየቤዎችን በደንብ ለመተግበር ከተጋህ ያለጥርጠር ለውጥ  ታመጣላህ፡፡ ስለዚህ በመሉ ለቦና እንድታነቡ እጋብዛለሁ፡፡ 

THE ONLY THING YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO DO FOR SOMETIME FROM NOW ON IS TAKING THIIS BLOGS SERIOUSLY AND TAKING TIME AND SOME LEVEL OF EFFORT TO INTERNALIZE IT TO YOUR LIFE VERY WELL, THEN WTNESS THE CHANGE AND THE GREATNESS...BUT WITHOUT GIVNG A LITTLE BIT OF DEDICATION UNTIL YOU FULLY INTERNALIZE AND ADOPT IT, FORGET REAL CHANGE AND RESULT.

if you have a problem accessing this site and reading online, download or save the page for offline view.

Please, make a contribution by sharing the posts.

Also this is written for both gender, in trying to make it simpler for writing I used masculine nouns as I write in Amharic. 

The major sources are:

• How to Become a Superstar Student, 2nd Edition Michael Geisen, M.A. PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES
• Learn how to learn Barbara Oakley, PhD
• How to be superstar student by Tim McGee

I have correctly placed all the citation on the reference at the end of the pages.

I recommend, as you read this, don’t jump from one topic to another it is best if you read the whole topics as they are presented. I am sure this will impact your life in the academic hugely.

ስለ ትምህርት አወሳሰድህ ዘይቤ ማወቅ

You need to learn how to learn first, rather than focusing on test result improvement. There is a mind-set and skills that you need for education to take root in you. You may say “being star student is not on my list, leave alone the possibility of that” but you only need to focus on the strategy you can deploy, the result will show up. Anyone can be a superstar student.

Let me introduce you to someone: Santiago Ramon Cajal was a born trouble maker, at 11 years old he found himself in jail. He was stubborn and rebellious. Who thought this man become to not only won noble prize but also be known as the father of Modern neuroscience.

Anyone, Cajal noted, even people with average intelligence can change their own brain so that even the list gifted produce an abundant harvest of the mind, willing to change their mind and admit errors.

First you need to understand your distinctive intelligence. Being a great student is not about smartness but understanding your intelligence. This means finding out your strength and weakness and capitalizing on those strength. This will help you to figure out your own learning style.

እነዚህን ጥያቄዎች ትምህርት ዘይቤህን ምን እንደሚመስል ያሳይሀል፡፡

Part 1 እነዚህ መገለጫዎች አንተን የሚገልጹህ ከሆነ ከ0 እስከ 1 ቁጥር ስጥ፡፡

በሙሉ የሚገልፅህን 0.85 - 1

በደንብ የሚገልፅህን 0.7 - 0.85

በመጠነኛ ደረጃ የሚገልፅህን 0.5 - 0.7

በትንሹ የሚገልፅህን 0.25 – 0.5

ምንም የማይገልፅህን 0

የእያንደዳንዱን መደብ ድምር አሰቀምጥ፡፡ የበለጠ ቁጥር ያላቸው አንተን የሚገልፁ ናቸው፡፡

መደብ 1

_______ድምጽ እና ሙዚቃ ወይም ጫጫታ ላይ አተኩራለሁ

_______ የሙዚቃን ውዝዋዜ እና ምት (rhythm) በቀላሉ እረዳለሁ፣ እገባለሁ

_______ ሙዚቃ መስራተ ያስደስተኛል

_______ የግጥም ምቱን ወይም አነጋገር ይገባኛል ቶሎ መልስ እሰጣለሁ፡፡

_______ በግጥም መልክ እያስቀመጥኩ ነገሮችን አስታውሳለሁ፡፡

_______ የጀርባ ድምጽ ካለ ለትኩረት እቸገራለሁ

_______ ንድፎችን በቀላሉ መረዳት እችላለሁ (ability to recognize patterns)

_______ የተፈጥሮ ድምጽ መስማት ያፋታታኛል

_______ ከድራማ ይልቅ ሙዚቃ ትርጉም ይሰጠኛል

_______ የሙዚቃ ግጥም ማስታወስ ቀላል ነው፡፡

መደብ 2

_______ በንጽህና እና ስርዓቱን በጠበቀ መንገድ (orderly) ነው ነገሮችን የምናከናውነው፡፡

_______ አቅጣጫ ወይም መመሪያ ሲሰጥ ቀስ በቀስ (step by step) ሲሆን ይመቸኛል፡፡

_______ ችግርን መፍታት ቀላል ነገር ሆኖ አገኘዋለሁ፡፡

_______ ያልተደራጀ፣ ዝርክርክር ሰው ያናድደኛል

_______ ሂሳብ በአይምሮዬ መስራት ይቀለኛ

_______ ሳጠና ሁሉንም ሳልረዳ ወደ መልመጃ ወይም የቤት ስራ መሄድ አያስደስተኝም

_______ ምርምር የሚጠይቁ እንቆቅልሾች ደስ ይሉኛል

_______ ለተበላሹ እቃዎች መላ መፈለግ ያስደስተኛል

_______ ነገሮች ካልተረዳሁ አልረካም፡፡

መደብ 3

_______ ከሌሎች ጋር በመወያየት (ሀሳብ መለዋወጥ) መማር እመርጣለሁ

_______ ለጨዋታ መነጋገር ወይም ወሬ ያስደስተኛል ለማጥናት ብሎም ጠለቅ ያለ ቁም ነገር ንግግሮችም ያስደስቱኛል፡፡

_______ ለአቻዎቼ እና ለቡድኔ አለቃ ሆኜ ብዙ ጊዜ እሰራለሁ፡፡

_______ ከሀሳብ እና ከስኬት ይልቅ ጓደኝነት ለኔ ትርጉም አለው፡፡

_______ የጥናት ቡድኖች ለኔ በጣም ጠቃሚ ነው፡፡

_______ የቡድን ተጫዋች ነኝ

_______ ጓደኞቼ ለኔ በጣም አስፈላጊ ናቸው

_______ ሁለት ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ክለቦች ውስጥ እሳተፋለሁ

_______ ለብቻዬ መስራት አያስደስተኝም፡፡

መደብ 4

_______ እጄን በማፍታታት እና በመስራት መማር ይቀናኛል፡፡

_______ በእጄ መስራት ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______ ስፖርት የህይወት አንዱ ክፍል ነው፡፡

_______ ብዙግዜ በሰውነት ምልክቶች መግባባት እችላለሁ

_______ ማሳየት ከማስረዳት ይልቅ የተሻለ ሆኖ አገኘዋለሁ፡፡

_______ መጨፈር ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______ በመሳሪያ (tools) ተጠቅሞ መስራት እወዳለሁ

_______ ያለ ስራ ከማቀመጥ ስራ ቢበዛ ይሻለኛል

_______ አሳታፊ የሆኑ ተግባራት ደስ ይሉኛል

_______የስራ እና የእንቅስቃሴ ህይወት ነው የምመራው፡፡

መደብ 5

_______የውጪ ቋንቋ ማወቅ ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______መፀሀፍ፣መፅሄት እና ድህረገፅ ማንበብ ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______ማታወሻ መያዝ እወዳለሁ (ለምሳሌ diary) ፡፡

_______የቃላት እንቆቅልሾች (word puzzle like crossword) ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______ማስታወሻ መያዝ ለማስታወስ እና ለመረዳት ይጠቅመኛል፡፡

_______በታማኝነት ውጪ ሀገር ካሉ ጓደኞች ጋር ደብዳቤ ወይም ኢሜል መላላክ እወዳለሁ፡፡

_______በቀላሉ ሃሳቤን መግለፅ እችላለሁ

_______መፃፍ ያስደስተኛል

_______ቅኔና ምሳሌያዊ ንግግር እወዳለሁ

_______ሰው በተሰበሰበበት ንግግር ማድረግ እና ውይይት ማካሄድ ደስ ይለኛል

መደብ 6

_______ሁኔታዎችና አመሌ በትምህርቴ ላይ እና ጥናቴ ላይ ተፅዕኖ አላቸው

_______ሰዎችን በመርዳት ፕሮግራም ላይ መሳተፍ እፈልጋለሁ

_______ሰለራሴ ግብረገብነት (moral belief) ጠንቅቄ አቃለሁ

_______ሁሌ ስሜቴ የሆነውን የትምህርት ዘርፍ መማር እና ማጥናት እመርጣለሁ፡፡

_______ፍትሃዊነት ለእኔ ትልቅ ትርጉም አለው፡፡

_______የማህበራዊ ፍትህ ጉዳዮች ይሳስቡኛል (እቆረቆራለሁ)

_______ለብቻዬ መስራት፣ ከቡድን እንደ መስራት ውጤታማ ነኝ

_______አንድን ስራ ከመስማማቴ በፊት ለምን እንደምሰራ በደንብ መረዳት እሻለሁ (ግድ ይለኛል)

_______ለአመንኩበት ነገር መስራት የተሻለ እተጋለሁ፡፡

_______ለተቃውሞም ሆነ ለድጋፍ እንቅስቃሴዎች ተነሳሽ ነኝ፡፡

መደብ 7

_______በአይነ ህሊናዬ ሀሳቦችን መሳል እችላለሁ

_______ክፍልን (ቤት) ማስተካከል እና መልክ ማስያዝ ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______የራሴን ኪነት (work of art) መፍጠር ያስደስተኛል፡፡

_______ስዕላዊ ገለፃ መጠቀም በደንብ እንዳስታውስ ይረዳኛል፡፡

_______በካርታ፣ በሰንጠረዥ እና በግራፍ የተቀመጡ ነገሮችን መረዳት ይቀለኛል (እመርጣለሁ)

_______የሙዚቃ ክሊፕ ማየት ሙዚቃውን እንድወደው ያደርገኛል፡፡

_______በአይምሮዬ በምስል መልክ ማስታወስ ይቀናኛል፡፡

_______ቴክኒካል ምስሎችን መረዳት ይቀለኛል፡፡

_______3 dimensional መጫወቻዎች ያስደስቱኛል፡፡

_______መፀሀፍ ላይ ምስሎችን እፈልጋለሁ::

መደብ 1. ሙዚቃዊ አዝማሚያህን እና አቅምህን ይገመግማል

መደብ 2. የሂሳብ እና ምርምር ተስጦህንና አቅምህን ይገመግማል

መደብ 3. የማህበራዊ ግንኙነት ተስጦህንና አቅምህን ይገመግማል

መደብ 4. የእንቅስቃሴ ዘይቤህን እና አቅምህን ይገመግማል

መደብ 5. የቋንቋ እና ቃላት ተስጦህንና ችሎታህን ይገመግማል

መደብ 6. ጉዳዮችን መወጣት ላይ ያለህ አቅምን ይገመግማል፡፡

መደብ 7. የእይታ እና የቦታ አጠቃቀም መረዳት ችሎታህን ይገመግማል፡፡

Psychologist Howard Gardner first came up with this theory of multiple intelligence.

Visual/spatial learners, whom we might call picture smart, love to make art, have rich imaginations, and think in picture. They can remember faces, places easily. They need to see things to understand them; words can sometimes just drift on by. In the classroom, they love charts, diagrams, films— anything that puts the idea into pictures. Visual intelligence is one of the most common types.

Study Strategy: organize well your study desk and minimize visual distractions, Posting important points and images on the walls of your study area, finding illustrative videos, , making drawing of key concepts. Study in graphs and maps. Picture the information. Mind (Concept) mapping (you will find it explained below)

For example if you are studying science and you are a visual learner, you may find this picture artistic and interesting. Here is funny illustration of monkeys in a benzene ring from an insider spoof of German printed in 1886.

Kinesthetic learners are body smarts. They are doers and makers, athletes and builders. They love all sorts of physical activity and anything that keeps their hands busy. Sometimes they find the classroom a little confining; sitting at a desk all day doesn’t work well for them. On the other hand, simple physical engagement like taking notes, performing a skit, or building a model can really make things click for these learners.

Study Strategy: Typing out your notes as you read, walking while reading (clear out obstacles!), Keeping your hands busy with a stress ball, yo-yo, or other small object as you read

Musical learners are all about songs and rhythm. They’re often singers and musicians in the literal sense. They tap rhythmically on the desk with their pencils. Good study strategies for this learning type include reading aloud, maybe even singing the information; using mnemonic (memory-related) songs, like the ABC song we all learned when we were little; listening to instrumental (i.e., jazz, ambient, classical) music while studying; and singing or playing an instrument during study breaks.

Study Strategy: Explaining concepts aloud among study buddies, Creating mnemonic rhymes and songs more (Mnemonic are learning tool to improve memory; we will cover this below), explain things aloud to a partner

Interpersonal learners are social beings. They learn by talking and interacting with others.

Study Strategy: Studying with people around ( in a coffee shop, in the school library), Taking social breaks between each study session or topic (If you can, review the material with a friend or family member during the break), Taking on group projects and interview projects when available

Intrapersonal learners are the opposite of interpersonal ones; they like to learn on their own. They are reflective and probably quiet or introverted. They prefer working and studying alone or one-on-one, rather than in a large group. If they are assigned a group project, they perform best on a facet they can work on independently, then merge with others’ work.

Study Strategy: Having a quiet, cozy workspace. Keep separate, attractive journals for each subject

Logical/mathematical learners are one of the two types that do best in a traditional school setting. These are the math whizzes, the organizing gurus, the pattern finders, and the plan makers.

Study Strategy: Mixing up study locations and styles (i.e., alone versus in groups), Making charts and graphs, Reverse engineering an outline from a text (This means you read a chapter and write the main points and supporting points in a form of an outline), classify and categorize your notes as you study.

Linguistic/verbal learners are the ones with word smarts—the bookworms, brilliant writers, and great speakers.

Study Strategy: Read alone, but review with a partner or group, Write mnemonics, keep personal journal for each subject; what do you think about the points? Be more reflective.

Most of us have two or three ways that we learn best; almost no one has only one type of intelligence. Class preparation is one of the places you can take advantage of your unique intelligence type.

The SCIENCE of Learning

“What one knows is, in youth, of little moment; they know enough, who know how to learn.” --Henry Adams

How do we know when we learned something? Learning is the ability to answer the question “how does this make any meaning for me?” As new information is provided to you, you know you have learned something anytime you can say the following “Oh, I get it. That is like something else I already know.” Learning is connecting new information to what you already know. That is because I will be able to use that information. To be able to get information that you will use is the essence of learning.

When what you learned in class is attached to more than one branch, for example you might learn rational numbers in math and use them in chemistry or music or in any other places you retain the information. This is called multiple encoding.

“As you learn, your brain is physically building pathways between your brain cells.(make sure you allow the possibility to create connections that can solve problem)”

All learning experiences involve fear. It is going to be difficult at times. There is no easy way to success. The real challenge then for us is to be able to look at our studies with some kind of focus. That is important because sometimes I may be speaking to specifically some of you now, we can sit in class rooms and convince ourselves that we can’t do it.

What does it take to be successful in academy? It takes honesty with ourselves. It takes courage, it takes work and most importantly, it takes an approach.

Effective study habits

“Far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to work hard at work worth doing.” Theodore Roosevelt

Most students only know that they have no idea what they just taught in class. So they go home that evening to try and sit down and do homework and guess what? If they didn’t understand it in class, there is a good chance they may not understand it at home either. They come back the next day, homework only half way finished and guess what teacher has a new concept., new equation ready to throw at them for the next day. We start the whole thing all over again. It is no wonder that so many student find themselves really struggling to understand concept in math, in science, in physics, in calculus.

So the real key for me in a study approach is the answer to the simple question “Does my study approach help me learn?” “Does it in fact help me connect new things to old things to make meaning?”

Another major question for student is “exactly what kind of notes should I be peaking during class? When the teacher is going on and on and on, should I be taking notes?”

The Learning Journal Approach

First of all we will always make sure that we come to class having read the material to be presented by the teacher and tried the questions and workout exercise from the textbook.

We begin with a piece of paper (your notebook) that has a line down the middle of the page. On the left hand side of the page you will be taking what we call pre-class reading note. Pre-class reading note are any notes that you will take before you come to class and any questions you find interesting and challenging from textbook and miscellaneous books jotted on your notebook. We will be reading the academic textbook before we come to class and take notes. We also want to put basic information there, like the date and section to be covered. Then we will put down any kinds of important information. 

The important thing in your pre-class reading session is to take a 35% reading to 65% exercising questions proportion. That means you have to do more question and answer from any relevant book especially from the textbook before you come to class. And the questions and concepts you did not understand, keep them in class period and if you still don't understand you will ask the teacher. 

The best way to learn is by question and answer method. Knowing is a practice of question and answer. In your study, question and answer in different form should take the major portion.

Below, we will be discussing how to efficiently cover up the concepts (the 35%).

Now this is the key: we will make sure that we are taking our pre-class reading note with red ink or pencil.The notes are on the left hand side of the page. 

During class, note is taken on the right hand side of the paper. One of the goals for us when we come into class is to take as few notes as possible. That is the key. We want to watch we want to listen. As the teacher goes on with the lecture, is this information now new information or old information? Since we already covered it the night before it is not new for us any more. As we all watching it on the blackboard we already read this before class. 

In class we will use blue or black ink.

We are looking for only 2 pieces of information. One is we want to match the information the teacher is giving with the textbook we read. if the textbook said it and if the teacher said it we call that a match. And a lot of times, students actually circle in blue or black ink over the left hand side, circling the information recognizing it as a match. But be careful to not make a mess. You have to be as neat and orderly as you can possibly be as you circle a match or connect old information from your pre-class reading note to new information the teacher can bring on lecture.

Number two –any information that is new information. In other words any information that is not in the text book. Obviously I am going to write that down.

EXAMPLES

“Find a system of taking notes that works with your learning style, and always keep it simple. keep your head up and your attention focused on what’s going on during class.”

One of the major mistakes that college students and advanced high school student will make is they do not read their textbook before they come to class. And they don’t take very good notes in class and they assume “well, whatever the teacher is saying in the biology class, I will just read the textbook a couple of nights before the test so that I can get it all.” guess what? Lots of teachers, especially at university will lecture on information outside the textbook. So here I am thinking I am going to be able to just kind of cram the last two nights by sitting down and reading a lot of information. I get all that information and memorize all of it and still get unsatisfactory results on the test. Why? Because the examination covers lots of new information that I never get into my note.

You have to show up and pay attention to class. Don’t skip class. And don’t sit where you’ll be easily distracted. Finally, ask questions either during or after class is over, in one-on one with the teacher.

Practice using the new lesson and get feedback.

Think about this for a second, how do I know it is new information unless I read the book before I come to class? I won’t know when the instructor is giving me new information as opposed to the old match information unless I read the text book.

Learning Journal- Step number 3

NOW THINK ABOUT THIS FOR A SECOND. If I know that information that was in the textbook and the teacher also covered it and if I also know and understand the new information that the instructor has given to me during the class session, what can the instructor ask me on the examination that I can’t answer? What do you think are the chances that if the textbook says it and the teacher say it, it is going to end up on the exam? What are the odds of that?

When we go into prepare for an exam, we will take our exam preparation Note. 

Exam Preparation Note & Question

This is the staff that will probably appear on the exam. The student is already considering how I will prepare before the exam in this learning journals approach. After you study and take your pre-class reading notes, you have to leave at least half page of your notebook space to make the exam preparation notes after class or use the next page. All the technique used for memory and all the probable questions and concept to show up in the exam will be covered here. We will be covering these below.

Some of the questions to ask on preparing exam preparation note and questions are:

which part of the lecture was given emphasis? 

Which part of the textbook did the instructor gave further illustration and examples?

It also helps to take the concept and make questions out of them that can appear in exam.

One of the most important things about learning happens during the exam and after the exam. Because I am not going to learn the next concepts until I have the early concept understood. We always will make sure we understand a concept (and make an adjustment or additions in your notebook if necessary) before we go on to the new one. 

Planning for Success: The Master Schedule (The core of your academic journey)

Good students aren’t just formed majorly intelligent to get straight A’s. Good student make themselves good students.  As the saying goes: 

“Chance favors the prepared mind.” Louis Pasteur

From this point on you are recommended to follow through the blog with templates (tables) that are  prepared for study. To find this tables go to the Facebook group page called Eduman. 
The name of the file is "Master Schedule FOR PRINT" Here is the link: 

https://www.facebook.com/groups/179702533879875 

Copy this link and paste it in your browser.

Don't forget to follow the group for getting notification of new updates of blogs that will help you. Also help as make better tomorrow by promoting us to fellow students that you have contact with.

After you download the word format you are advissed to print it and continue with the blog.

Side Note: if you have any eye sight issues (short or long sightedness) I will prepare a paper on how to handle the issue and how to take care of your eyesight in the Facebook group.

Back to the Schedule

We are going to cover some of the most important charts you need to have.

• Hour per Day Table (How you spend your time)
• Core subject Master Schedule
• Personality Table
• Behavioral Master Schedule
• To-Do Schedule
• Class schedule 

Step one- How are you spending your time? (Optional but recommended)

We have to first of all determine the time available for us for our study. We got to know how we are using our time at the moment and the key is to be honest.

Make a chart that looks something like the graphic that is below. Across the top of the chart we will be placing the dates of the week. Along the left hand side of the chart we will want to place the earliest waking time all the way down by hourly division to the late hours you would go to sleep in the evening. So you will have 18 hour Division, the other 6 hours are surely your sleeping time.

Then what I will want you to do are to think about what specifically it is that you do during each of those moments most of the time. The empty spaces that are left need to be counted up. The empty spaces are the spaces you will be able to use to study. You will find a word format in the facebook group.

This is an interesting project for most of students who come to me and say “I don’t have the time to get my study done” But when they put together this project they sometimes will record 15 or maybe 20 blank spots on their chart. You will notice of course each blank spot equals one full hour. Which is to say “I have sometimes 20 hours really unused time for the most part”

Step 2 of the master schedules is for us to question some important questions.

For those of you who are in high school most of the time teachers don’t provide daily or weekly course outline the way they present lecture daily. The difference in university or college is that most college instructors are required to provide weekly course outline. High School teachers don’t provide this information to students but they do have this information, student just has to be able to ask for it.

You approach to acquire this information from the teacher in respectable manner is very important for your pre-class studies to be specific as we mentioned earlier. I recommend that you don't ask this information in front of students. My recommendation is to ask this question after class. We are interested in knowing specifically what to do in our pre-class studying session, reading assignments, in writing assignments, in exercise work and in what quiz or exam work is due. I need to know at least what is due for the next 2 weeks (10 school days).

We have to have specific kind of information. “I have a test in another week or two.” That is not specific enough. I also have to know specifically what is on the test. Will this test cover chapter 3, 4 and 5 or chapter 4 and 5 only? What type of questions is going to be presented? That is important for me. So that I can plan ahead correctly.

If you can't specifically know up to what point in the textbook the next class will cover, try to prepare in your pre-class study making sure the teacher won't cover beyond.

Step 3 Class schedule

And last but not least you have to have the class period schedule for the 5 school days. You need to have a table that clearly shows which classes are to be covered when.

Once I have step one which is the information about my time to be able to do my studies and once I have step two, I have the specific information of what is due and when from the teacher and finally once I have step three, the class schedule, I am ready to create my Master Schedules and tables.

We are going to cover some Tables and schedules in this part. These tables will be at the center of your academic journey so don’t take them lightly. At first it may seem discouraging to create all the tables but you can get a printout copy of the tables from the facebook group and use them. Also, once you bring together the tables and fill them, it will be very easy to edit and reuse.

All the gray texts are texts that you take as an example and revise for your own case. The gray texts on the tables are to be cleared from the softcopy as you print them and they are also reminders to use pencil for those table cells. This way it will be easy to reuse the tables for another time.

Acquire all of the 2 week course outline information for all subjects even more specifically for the core subjects; core subjects are simply those classes where we have reading, writing, exercise work and exam work. We are essentially talking about the busy classes. We are always thinking what is due ahead? And we can arrange it in a table as shown below so that we can plan before we are out of time. We call this table Core classes Master Schedule. We can also call it Long-term master schedule.

We have to prepare the schedule in Monday or Tuesday so that we know two weeks ahead what is due. And we have to arrange our schedule to finish the big projects or assignments by dividing for a week or 5 days ahead of the deadline. Notice that your core subjects can change throughout the semester. So you have to be alert and ask your teachers if there are any busy weeks ahead of time. (Core subjects: The academic classes that mostly makes you busy with assignments and studying)

Allot time in every day of the 5 - 7 days before your assignment is due (the time duration may vary in depending on your class and study busy-ness). That means ever fall the habit of procrastinating, thinking “I will finish it, I can plan it later”. Fill out the core class master schedule accordingly on time.

The other important table is a personality table. You need to look at your previous grades in testing and your last year grades. See where you are performing very well and see where you are performing very poorly. Select up to 3 courses that you are having poor grades. Prepare and fill the table below. We will call it Personality Table.

You can make this table by your own since it is easy.

If you only have 2 favorite subjects, you are not forced to add third subject on the table. You just have to find yourself.

Here are the things you have to do:

1. If you have 4 classes through the week for most of the subjects

You take the favorite subjects and subjects that are easy for you and you arrange time to study them in weekend and take pre-class reading note. This is because it is fun to study your favorite subjects and it does not take a lot of time to study the easy subjects.

The plan is to get at least 3 classes ahead with your pre-class reading notes for your favorite subjects and the easy subjects with in the weekend. Remember planning ahead is the character of a great student. You have to plan out your free time, your playing time and your study time for your weekend.

The plan is to give enough room in the weekdays to focus more on the challenging and less favorite subjects for studying.

You have to remember for every pre-class reading note you have to leave about half a page for test preparation notes that you will take after class.

You will need to arrange from Monday to Friday one (or in some cases two days) to study and make the pre-class reading notes for the easy subjects and your favorite subjects. And before class you will always need to revise the pre-class reading notes you made during the weekend on your notebook .

The difficult subjects and the hard subjects

You will need to cover these courses day by day before class in the pre-class reading session on your notebook.

If there are subjects that are easy for you but you don’t like them, you can choose to put them in the category you like (weekend or weekday pre-class session).

You may need to consider the difficulty of the chapters and update your table accordingly. If this week chemistry is easy but you find out (from the text) next week it is a difficult concept, you can simply study a day to day pre class reading and taking notes for the next week and maybe even arrange one subject that you don’t like or difficult subject to the weekend, if necessary.

The best master schedule to take is what I call The Behavioral Master Schedule. That means the schedule is personal.

Let’s take a hypothetical example of a behavioral master schedule where you have 4 classes for most subjects in every week. The behavioral master schedule below is a weekly schedule, mostly unchanging throughout the semester. It goes hand in hand with your Personality table. If you changed your personality table because of change in difficulty or interest of subjects during the semester then you will need to adjust this schedule.

NOTE: You have to program this table with your personality table and your class schedule. For this hypothetical example case, 

I don’t have any class of favorite subject in Tuesday.

I don’t have any class of easy subject in Wednesday.

I don’t have any class of less favorite subjects in Thursday.

I don’t have any class of my challenging subjects in Friday.

The example is designed this way for simplifying my illustration. But your case all depends on your class schedule.

A1 means Listen to teacher and match information and use effective note taking of new information as discussed above)

Revise means Revise the pre-class reading note for upcoming class

Study means Study the class periods ahead and make the pre-class reading note (Don’t forget to leave a space for exam preparation note for each class)

As you Print out this 2 table Master Schedule make sure you put it in one page, so it is comfortable for use. Again, available in the Facebook group page.

Studying Schedule

It is best if you can arrange your weekday pre-class studying session to evening and morning time before class. The best approach is 35-50% of the studying at the evening and 50-65% of you studying in the early morning. That way after you touch on the introduction part of the study you can finish it in the morning by exercising questions from textbook and even from reference book. 

Always remember your studying is done with the pre-class reading notes on your notebook and internal annotation on textbook as discussed above.

I recommend that you always study by opening up your behavioral master schedule first and filling what I call a to-do schedule. A to-do schedule contains a list of things you have to cover in that study session of the day. There is some power in the to-do schedule after you finish with it marking it off. There is some sense of completion, some sense of achievement in marking it off. You are able to see in a visible way that you done something. That is important for a student. Often times when we finish we are just tired. We know we have worked a lot but we are not certain exactly what it is that we did.

So from the hypothetical example above, we will try to arrange our time in the evening and morning to finish before Tuesday class which is our to-do schedule.

You need to have the core subjects’ master schedule on your hand as you fill the to-do schedule for every day. You can fill the to-do schedule in the evening after class. it will not take you more than 8 minutes.

Let’s continue with the previous hypothetical example and make an easy to-do schedule before Tuesday class. Unfortunately you don’t have any of your favorite subjects for Tuesday class on this example.

My physics project is due for Friday, so I arranged time in advance throughout the weekdays to finish my project by Friday.

Here the time spent calculation is done only once (in my case for Tuesday) just to make a reference as you reuse it for other days.

For this example we can proposal time in our early evening and early morning.

For instance we can arrange our time like this:

Early evening we can start this stress-free study session 5:00 O’clock in the afternoon and finish at 8 o’clock in the evening and spend the rest of the evening with your family and eat dinner together.

For early morning you can get up at 6:15 in the morning and finish at 7:30 to prepare to go to school.

This is just an example of  moderately busy day. Your case can be dependent on so many factors but this can give you the idea and a good benchmark to make your own schedule. If you can arrange your time like the example, that can turn out to be great. This is just a recommendation for you.

Think about it, you are not wasting a lot of mental energy and this is what good students do. They know how to conserve their mental energy so they are not wasting their time kind off running around all over the place.

If you keep to your master schedule for example for a week you can reward yourself. For Sunday with no homework, you can take a day off. But of course you have to prepare for Monday class in the early evening time. Again as I just said college student often report that they can finish their work so that they don’t have any homework over some of the weekends.

We want to make a promise --- we will never ever, ever use another class as an excuse for missing a deadline. We know what is due in every class. That will mean for us then we are always trying to look ahead and always know at least two weeks in advance what is happening in every one of our core classes. You are always thinking ‘what is due ahead?’

SUGGESTIONS ON STUDY

Managing Time and Organizing Spaces

As we try to multitask our mind is switching attention among the tasks. Multitasking is a myth. There is no such thing as multitasking. “The “better” you are at multitasking (that is, the more things you think you can do at once), the worse you are at everything you’re doing. The only way to stop the response is to eliminate the distractions from your environment.

Studies show that people who do the most task-switching are the worst at it. You don’t actually get better by trying or practicing multi-tasking you actually get worst at it. Secondly your productivity goes down significantly. Your brain actually for short time has to say “Now, where was I on this one? And when you switch back “oh, where was I on that one? So it actually takes you longer to complete things when you try to do them all at the same time. In other word multitasking makes you slower.

Next your accuracy and competence on each task suffers often significantly. Most studies find it’s an average of 40% drop on accuracy which is the same as loosing 10 IQ points just by trying to do a couple of things at one time. In other words multitasking makes you dumber.

Further more your body releases stress hormones when it constantly switch task back and forth. This actually have a series effect on well being especially in the long term. In other words, trying to multitask makes you less healthy.

And finally, if that is not bad enough trying to multitask while interacting with people, at any age, it is annoying to them. It devalues them as human beings. The relationship suffers as a result of that.

A handy little mental tool which is called the Pomodoro which is Italian for tomato is, first set a timer to 20 minutes turn off all interruption and focus and then give yourself a little reward when you are done. Enjoyably change its focus for a while. The idea behind the technique is that the timer instills a sense of urgency. (You can extend the 20 minutes up to 27 minutes or shorten it to 17 minutes as it fits you. But once you set time, you must finish it.)

1. You can prevent the most damaging cues by keeping away from your cell phone.
2. Remember that habits are powerful because they create neurological craving.

When you are learning what you want to do is study hard by focusing intently then take a break or change your focus to something different for a while, during this seeming relaxation your brain defused mode has the chance to work away in the background and help you out with your conceptual understanding. You can take about 5 minutes of break.

Turn off your phone and television; log out of Facebook, chat, and e-mail. Kick out your friends and siblings. Focus every ounce of attention you’ve got on the task at hand.

As with anything else in life, practice makes … well, maybe not perfect, but hopefully painless.

1. Best time to study:

One of the important thing a lot of student learn is that they find themselves at the early morning hours doing their learning journals stage 1, that is the pre-class reading. And a lot of time they find themselves doing their exam preparation Work in the evening time after the class. Let me elaborate on this:

I would like you to think and picture the mind as a blackboard or a square piece of paper. And imagine that everything that happen through the course of the day is like a little ;X’ on that blackboard. Every sound, every discussion is like an X on that board. Now if you wake up in the morning and you had good sleep, your mind is nice and fresh and clear. The blackboard is clear. And so you go through your whole day: your school day, then friendship time or sport activity or club or work activity and finally you sit down to do your homework. How much of the board space is left, how much of your mind is left?

Most students study in the evening and delay their homework to late evening and when they sit down to do homework, one of their major problems is they fall asleep or they can’t concentrate. They can’t focus.

I want to suggest if you study in the late evening and you are losing concentration, you may want to try something. Try to study in the morning. Now for some students they say “I am not an early riser” but wait a minute, it might be you can train yourself to be an early riser. When do I want to put especially the things that I want to remember into my brain; when my board is completely filled up with ‘X’s or in the early morning when it is brand new?

So you want to be doing the important reading you wanting to remember in the early morning. Get up 40-50 minutes early than you normally do, for the next two weeks and sit down and try and do some reading and studying. One of the things you will be surprised about is you don’t have to give as much time to your reading. Your mind is able to grasp.

2. Where to study

The big thing for me and my recommendation is you got to have silence. You cannot listen to music with lyrics and at the same time try and do reading. Your brain is doing t wo different things.

When do you understand your brain is doing this or not? If you know the lyrics your brain is saying those lyrics while you are trying to read. It is almost impossible for your mind to do this.

we don’t want to study on our bed, find a proper study area that you usually use. Have your resources around you. And make sure there is enough lighting.

Studying in different distraction free locations create more association in your brain and help retain and retrieve concepts better. Locations to consider are public library, park, coffee shop, bus, school. Don’t walk around from one to the other to study but over a few days of the week, try to study at least two or three different locations.

3. How should I study? 

Being a good student has less to do with natural intelligence and more to do with the approach you take. We want to study smarter. We may find we actually spend less time given to our studies if we have an approach that work well. We always want to show up to class with some idea of what will be presented. We never want to show up to class unprepared. Successful students prepare before class; they know ahead of time by studying the assigned reading and doing exercise questions by following the agenda.

If you’re starting to get sleepy while you’re reading, get up and move around, either while reading or during a break. Physical exercise is good for you brain. Blood pumping through your circulatory system brings your brain the fuel it needs and removes waste products.

Never want to study longer than 15-24 minutes at a time. you need to take short break. The key here is focus. We want to focus completely focused.

Here is the problem for a lot of students they got a lot of homework left and so thy find themselves saying “I can’t do this for this short amount of time.” I recommend you to set your watch for 17 minutes and say “I am going to study hard for 17 minutes and I am going to take a break” Go away for a few minutes, come back and sit down 17 more minutes. Don’t allow any interruption.

Doing Homework well

If I play sport, I have got to train. If I play an instrument I got to practice. If I am in school, I got to do my homework.

We always want to begin with our toughest homework first. We don’t want to push it to the last. This is especially true if you are going to do your homework in the evening. I recommend that when you sit down and do your study, you make a list for yourself of what is the homework of the evening. Put your most challenging concept first and get it done.

If you are using the learning journals approach, it is all together possible you will have your homework done in class. 95% of the time when the teacher is finished teaching in the class, you are going to understand the concepts well enough, you can go immediately to the homework. Lots of top students finish most of their homework before they ever come home. And so every evening then of course your job is to finish your homework with your exam preparation Note and about 35-40% of your pre-class reading for the next day or days (the rest for the morning). 

Class Notes

Classroom behavior

The number one word in class is FOCUS. Good student have their head up in class. 

The first study session is the evening and morning before class. And the second time will be the teacher lecture and if you still don’t get a concept, now is the time to ask some questions.

Always have a notebook for each class. I always recommend when you come to class with your pre-class learning journal that you always have at least one question to ask the teacher. I would always recommend this question somehow help you connect some kind of new information with some kind of old information to get information that you can use. If you feel like your teacher will have a hard time to answer the question make sure you ask him alone.

Note taking tips

What we really want to do is to get the notes that we really need. We have to be selective in our note taking. Our goal again is to keep our head up. We miss too much if our head is down. And we are constantly trying to write everything down.

Know your teacher well. Understand how they present information.

For example you will find often that an instructor (a teacher) in Mathematics will actually present the very sample question from the book you studied the evening or the morning before in your pre-class reading session (also called: pre-class learning journal). Therefore you don’t even have to write anything down. Sit back and watch the instructor work through the same equation you did the night or the morning before.

You want to try to understand the order the information is presented so that you can anticipate what is coming next. in our reading strategy, the pre-class preparation, is called - Predicting the Lecture. 

Develop your own code system in your learning journals for class. This allows you to be able to say with real shortened notes specifically what you want to remember, what you want to mark as match, what you want to mark as new information.

Study Notes: 

Annotation and Active Reading

There are two types of reading.

One is social reading. This is what most students do for basic survival. Also this is reading for just survival. This contains magazine, newspaper.

“We read to be reminded we are not alone.” C.S. Lewis

The other type of reading is called academic reading. This is reading with purpose. This is reading to respond.

“Reading furnishes the mind only with materials for knowledge; it is thinking that makes what we read ours.” John Locke

Academic or Active reading is carrying on a dialogue with the writer. In other words when we normally carry on conversation with people we lean forward, we listen to what they have to say, they listen to what we have to say, we agree with them, we nod our head. Sometimes if they say something we don’t understand we question. That is what we are doing when we read actively as well. We are looking for information that we can use.

For example students go home and they will scan their History book, the way they would scan an article out of sport illustrated. We have to learn how to read academically. We also call this kind of active reading Annotation. We will cover it in detail.

Advice to poor readers

Scan quickly the passage to be studied. Take some short sections, read and look over the questions at the end of the selections first. It allows you to have some idea of what is coming.

I will also recommend that you may pause in the middle of reading passage and try to put it in your own words the things that you are reading and you might summarize that information down in your learning journals.

Another good strategy if you have trouble reading and understanding is to sit down and read aloud. Read to someone a section out loud. Pausing every ones in a while to say “now what I just read in the last paragraph is this …” Notice what we are doing is now already connecting new staff to old staff when I can change what I read into another kind of way.

Maybe instead of just writing down summary of the information do something creative with the information, for example draw diagram like mind mapping (concept mapping) as you will see below. See, in your pre-reading note taking, you don’t always have to write down everything, you can take concept and may be draw a picture to help you understand it even better. and put down the questions that interested and challenged you.

Reading speed

The question is not a matter of speed; it is a matter of comprehension. We need to understand it.

Learning to not focus on simply particular words but to see words in groups is a good suggestion if you are trying to improve your reading speed. However this practice is only suggested for one type of reading: Social reading.

But the truth is really the faster you read is determined by the amount that you read. More important than speed is the ability to monitor your reading speed. In other words to know when you need to speed up and to know when you need to slow down. That is far more important. You want to be able to tell yourself why you are reading “oh this is really important information I better slow down and get it.” Because we all know what it is like to read 40 or 50 paragraph and then go “ I have no clue,, what I just read” and really never get accomplished.

I would like to suggest is reading lists are important tools. We always want to have certain books for us that are significant. I recommend that you find intellectual models, people who you admire. Read their biography. It is a great way to develop a reading habit. In your reading list, take from wide-ranging types of fields in your reading selections.

ወሳኝ የጥናት ስልቶች እንመልከት

1. ዋና ዋና የጥናት ይዘቶች (conceptual body)፡- ከአስተማሪ የሚገለፁ ወይም ደግሞ በመማሪያ መጻህፍት የርዕሱ መግቢያ ላይ ወይም at the end of the chapter ተጠቃለው ይዘረዝራሉ፡፡ እነዚህ ላይ ከ 15 እስከ 23 ደቂቃ የጥናት የጊዜ መድበህ አጭር እረፍት እየወሰድክ በትኩረት እና ቀስ ብለህ ልታጠናቸው ወይም ልትለማመዳቸው ይገባል፡፡ የምትመድበው ደቂቃ አንተን (አንቺን) አነደሚመችህ(ሽ) የተወሰነ ይሁን፤ ማለትም 20 ደቂቃ ከሆነ 20 ደቂቃ ወይ 23 ደቂቃ ከሆነ 23 ደቂቃ ወስን፡፡

Every textbook have three parts.

Part 1 –Objectives or Statements of desired concepts – tells you this is what you should know.

We will make sure we write this information down in our learning journal at pre-class reading phase in short form

Part 2 – Treatments of Concepts –some kind of explanation, the information primary importance is always in this second session.

Any kind of the sample equation that we are working with, we want to make sure we are capable of working through the sample equation. Always work through the sample problems. Take your time, try and work through to understand it.

Part 3 Review of Concepts – some kind of summary, review question. You need to work though the review questions that the upcoming class covers. you need to take some questions that were hard for you to class for clarification.

If you have the word cow, you can point right to the cow to learn what the word means. But for mathematical ideas there is often no analogous thing you can point to. The terms are more abstract.

This means it is important to practice with ideas and concepts you are learning in Math and science.to help enhance and strengthen the neuro-connections you are making during the learning process. Neurons become linked together through repeated use. The more abstract something is the more important it is to practice in order to bring those ideas in to reality for you.

For a lot of subject being intelligent is often a factor for how much exposure you have to it. So if you are not used to math don’t take that as a sign that you are bad at math but just you need to put more time in. you will get more motivation, you will have more interest once you are better at it.

Research strongly suggests mixing up your questions works well. Set up your 24 minute session to focus on to practice on different way. For instance let’s say you are studying math; trigonometry. Don’t just do the same type problem over and over again on the same section. Mix all of your practice together. If it is English or Amharic language that you are studying, practice some vocabulary, little bit of reading, some writing and speaking all at the same topic just like it can happen on the test and just like in life.

Important Point here: Transcribe your study in different formats. You have a reading form, you can transcribe it to an image gif form, and into audio form by recoding yourself for studying in different formats. 

Annotation (Active reading practice)

There are two types

Internal annotation: we use the pencil and highlighter inside the textbook. We are looking for main ideas and basic facts (ጥሬ ሀቆች) as discussed. We will use pencil for big concepts that you will translate as a note into your notebook in your pre-class study and highlighter for basic facts like academic terms and names, dates and other things that may require memorization.

External annotation –any annotation that I take down on notebook paper.

Of course after you read your textbook make sure you cover most of the questions on the textbook before class. It is actually advisable to cover all of the questions. 

For Annotation, we need red, blue, black ink pen and pencil and highlighter

During study session

You need to ask such questions as you take notes—

Why am I reading this? if it is Core material, it will need attention to every word.

What’s the big picture? You can see the arrangement of the text.

What are the important points?

Generally, 80 percent of the important information is found within 20 percent of the text.

Looking at headings, images, and so forth will help you figure out which 20 percent to focus on.

ADEPT Method ---when I am looking for an explanation of something, I try to find an Analogy, a Diagram, Example, Plain description, and then a Technical description. 

The general idea is actually when you are first learning you want to start with the sort of fuzzy overview and then gradually sharping it up.

How to do annotation

Now the big question: How can I organize the main points in a way that works for me? The big three methods are traditional outlining, mind mapping, and annotating. 

Traditional outlining is pulling the skeleton out of the text. The main headings will give you the top-level outline points, subheadings will give you the second-level points, and any lower-level points will be found in the main body of the text.

Mind mapping or Concept Mapping mostly help for test/exam preparation or preparing for Presentation, but if you are a visual/spatial student you can also arrange to use it in your pre-class reading notes. It is more illustrative and good for visual learners in particular. It is used to identify and explain relationships and connections between various concepts.

Mind Map radiates from the center out, in all directions (giving freedom of thought).  Lower-level points radiate off the main points like branches. Concepts may also be cross-linked with each other to illustrate topics with multiple connections; this makes concept maps ideal for displaying complex relationships between segments of information. Use different ink colors, different bubble and arrow shapes, and so on to make relationships stand out. Be careful, though. It’s possible to go overboard and create an unreadable mess. Let’s see one great example:

Annotating text means marking up the text. Important points are underlined or highlighted. You need to underline or highlight the basic facts. We are going to cover these concepts below.

If you can re-explain an idea, you’ve probably got a good grasp on it. Again, color coding helps, and you have to be careful not to make a mess.

2. Basic facts (ጥሬ ሀቆች)፡ ማለት ትምህርቱ የሚጠቅማቸው ቃላቶች፣ መያዝ ያለባቸው ስሞች፣ ቀኖች፣ ቀመሮች እና የመሳሰሉት ናቸው፡፡ እነዚሀን ለማጥናት የሚያስፈልጉንን ወሳኝ ቴክኒኮች እንመልከት፡፡

First I want you to remember to not memorize as you read. Instead read with a marker or a highlighter and underline or mark the keyword or the basic facts as you read. But don’t try to memorize as you read. What you will do is you arrange a time for your exam preparation note and work on the techniques at the evening after class. Let’s get down to the techniques.

• ፍላሽ ካርድ፡ የምንለው በፊት እና በጀርባ በጥያቄ፣ በምስል፣ ቃላትን በማሳጠር ወይም በግጥም ትምህርትን ለማስታወስ የሚረዳ የካርድ አጠቃቀም ነው፡፡ At collegeinfogeek.com ያተገኘ የፍላሽ ካርድ አጠቃቀም እንደሚያሳየው አንድ ካርድ ለአንድ ጥያቄ ብቻ መጠቀምን ይመክራል፡፡ ለምሳሌ በካርዱ ፊት የመጀመሪያው አውሮፕላን ብለህ ፅፈህ በጀርባው “በ1903 በረራ፣ ራይት ብራዘርስ፣ አራት ጊዜ በረሩ…” ብለህ ብትወስድ ይህ ወደ Illusion of competency ይከትሀል፡፡ ይህ ማለት ያወቅከው ይመስልሀል እንጂ ወደ አይምሮህ አልገባም ማለት ነው፡፡ አይምሮህ ማስታወስን እና መረዳትን አንድ አድርጎ በመውስድ የሚፈጠር መታለል ነው፡፡ ይህ ደግሞ ቀድሞ እንዳየነው ምሳሌ ፍላሽ ካርዱን ከአንድ በላይ መረጃን ለመያዝ መጠቀም የሚያመጣው ችግር ነው፡፡ ፍላሽ ካርድ ስትጠቀም አናላቲካል አይምሮህን፣ የፈጠራ ችሎታህን፣ በመጠቀም ብሎም መረጃውን በአይምሮህ በማስቀረት ጥሩ የጥናት ዘይቤ ያስተምርሀል፡፡ ይህ በምሳሌ ለማሳየት Periodic table በፍላሽ ካርድ ያስቀመጠበትን መንገድ ከ collegeinfogeek.com እንይ

ይህ እንደሚያሳየን እያንዳንዱን element ለመረዳት ብሎም ለማስታወስ በሚቀል መንገድ ባህሪያቸውን ከነባራዊ ሁኔታ ጋር ባገናዘበ መልኩ የተሰራ ምርጥ ፍላሽ ነው፡፡ በዚህ ምሳሌ መሰረት አድርገህ በሚገባህ መልኩ ለመስራት ሞክር፡፡

• Mnemonic rhymes, Acronyms or Abbreviation፡ ለምሳሌ የቃላቶችን የመጀመሪያ ፊደሎች በመውሰድ የምንፈጥረው ማስታወሻ (memorization) ዘዴ ነው፡፡ ለምሳሌ ያክል taxonomy በምንለው የባዮሎጂ ትምህርት ውስጥ ያለውን የሳይንሳዊ ክፍፍል ለማስታወስ ይህን ተጠቀምን፡፡

Kings play chees on funny Glass Stairs (K- Kingdom, P- Phylom, C- Class, O-order, F-family, G-Genus, S- Species)

ይህም Taxonomy mnemonic ይባላል፡፡ ከ Encyclopedia የተወሰደ፡፡

ሌላው ከዚህ ምንጭ የተገኘ ማስታወሻ ዘዴ (Mnemonic) ምሳሌ ለመጥቀስ ያህል እጅን በመጠቀም የእያንዳንዱ የግሪጎሪያን ካላንደር ወሮች የያዙትን ቀናት ቁጥር ለመያዝ የሚጠቅም ነው፡፡ ይህም Knuckle mnemonic እንለዋለን፡፡ የተጨበጠ እጃችንን በመጠቀም የምናሳየው ምስሉ ሙሉውን ይገልጻል፡፡

እያንዳንዱ ጣቶችን 31 ቀንን ይወክላሉ፡፡ ስለዚህ በእያንዳንዱ የትምህርት ክፍል በራሳችሁ ፈጠራ በተጨማሪም ከኢንተርኔት (mnemonic in “______” subject, mnemonic acronyms or/and rhyme in subject) በመፈለግ ለማስታወስ የሚረዱ ዘዴዎችን በመውሰድ እና በማሻሻል መጠቀም ትችላላችሁ፡፡ እነዚህንም ከፍላሽ ካርድ ጋር አድርጎ መጠቀም የተሻለ ነው፡፡

Use such mnemonic technique and come up with something creative. You remember better if you actually make it up yourself. Also it is easy to find a study partner and quiz each other throughout the day.

Your brain craves novelty. It’s always searching, scanning, waiting form something unusual. Metaphors and models are vitally important in giving physical understanding of the central idea behind the process or concept you are trying to understand. Metaphors make a connection to neuro structures that are already there. Stories even if they are just used as silly memory tricks can also allow you to easily retain what you are trying to learn. You can try to memorize the basic facts by creating connection with your own stories.

You will read የፈጠራ አይምሮ ማዳበር part below in this website to get a better way of doing this memory related exercise.

When you encounter something new you often use your working memory to handle it which is believed to hold about 4 chunks of information at once.

 If you don’t put the task down with a list they wait at the edge of the four slots of your working memory taking up valuable mental real state. A good way for you to keep perspective of what you are trying to learn and accomplish is to once a week write a brief list of key tasks (discussed in Master Schedule below). Once you make a task list, it frees working memory for problem solving. Ideally planning your quitting time is as important as planning your working time. 

 

Single connection between neurons is called synapsis. We can see constant turnover with new synapsis being formed another disappearing.

Use a technique called spaced repetition to move the working memory to long term memory which involves repeating what you are trying to retain over a number of days. You need some time for the connection to form in your brain. 

Mind Mapping: drawing diagrams or finding a diagram (image or gif) from internet that show the relationship between concepts would be best.

`        Take Notice: when using the internet, you should use from public internet places like the Library in your school to find a print of the diagram for also using it for flash card.

After you read the material simply look away and see what you can recall from the material you just read. Retrieval practice produces more learning at a much deeper level.

And as mentioned above use transcribing into different forms and study them by audio and image.

Make association with visualization. The funnier and the more evocative the image is the better for memory. Make a story out of it.

You want to say the words and its meanings aloud to start setting auditory hooks to the materials. Hand writing appears to help you to deeply encode that is convert into neuro-memory structures what you are trying to learn.

If you want to study something for an hour you will retain it longer if you spend 10 minutes each day than an hour in one day.

Memorable palace technique –a way of grouping things you want to remember. It involves calling to mind a familiar place like the layout of your house and using it as sort of a visual notepad where you can deposit the concept images you want to remember, a memory palace that you will use as your notepad. Its useful for remembering unrelated items such as a grocery items. The first time you try, it will be slow.

The memory process itself becomes an exercise in creativity; you are building these wild unexpected possibilities for future connections.

Exercise interestingly also helps new neurons survive. Exercise is by far more effective than any drug on the market today to help you better.

ፈተና አወሳሰድ

ፈተና በደረሰ ቀን የተማርካቸውን ሁሉ ለመሸምደድ መሞከር፤ በአይምሮህ ለማጨቅ መጨናነቅ ጥሩ አካሄድ አይደለም፡፡ ለፈተና አንድ ሳምንት ሲቀረው ተዘጋጅ በዚህ ጊዜ ውስጥ የተማርካቸውን ሀሳብ በጥልቀት እና ዘላቂ በሆነ መልኩ ለመረዳት መጠየቅ ያለብህን ጥያቄዎች ቀደም ብለህ ከአስተማሪ ለመጠየቅ እና ለመረዳት ይጠቅምሀል፡፡

Procrastination shows features of addiction. It offers temporary excitement and relieve from sometimes ‘boring’ reality.

Procrastination seems to work like this: first you receive signals that you don’t like it; to make the sensation go away you turn your attention onto a more pleasant task giving you temporal happiness.

አስቀድመህ የፈተናው ይዘት ምን አይነት እንደሆነ (ምርጫ፣ ዳሽ ሙላ፣ ፃፍ..) ከአስተማሪ ጠይቀህ ተረዳ፡፡ ብሎም የትኛው ሀሳቦች በዋነኛነት ለፈተና መዘጋጀት እንዳለብህ ጠይቅ፡፡

You want to leave space at the end of the pre-class reading note for your exam preparation.

Important Elements of Exam

1. What type of exam will it be? If, for example, we know that it is an essay style examination, we might even write several potential essay questions in preparation.

Exam Construction

Can student understand basic concepts?

Can student define terms?

Can students use or manipulate concepts?

Exam Preparation

Time management

Energy conservation

We always begin by scanning the examination looking for number of problems and type of problems. You want to try to predict the time it can take. To each one of the items.

After an examination is back and you receive your examination back, most student look for only grade, good students also look for specifically what they missed.

If you missed on the exam it is extremely important that you go back to the teacher and say “how can I make sure I understand this concept.”

ፈተና እንደነገ ከሆነ ፈጠን ያለ ክለሳ አድርገህ በቂ እንቅልፍ ማግኘት መቻል አለብህ፡፡

You are not the same person you were after a night sleep or even a nap. It is as if you went to bed with one brain and woke up with an upgrade.

You might be surprised just plain being awake creates toxic products in you brain. It turns out when you sleep you brain cells shrink, this causes an increase in the space between your brain cells. Its like unblocking the string, fluid can flow pass the cells and wash the toxics out. Sleep which sometimes feels like such a waste of time is actually your brains way of keeping itself clean and healthy.

Recently scientists showed that sleep is important for storing memories. 

Taking a test without getting enough sleep means you are operating with a brain that got little metabolic toxins floating around in it. that makes you to not think very clearly.

One great technique to use is- a night before a test, have specific time of study and get a good night sleep. And then wake up early in the morning and revise some of the concepts and your notes then go with confidence to the test. You need to finish your study the night before and avoid last minute cramming. It is best if you focus on revising the concepts, the mnemonic acronyms and the flash cards in the early morning (You will find it discussed below). Sandwiching sleep like this helps you to retain the information. Try to work at least  one Pomodoro as soon as you wake up. This is incredibly effective.

It seems that during sleep your brain tides up ideas and concepts you are thinking about that you have been learning, it erases the less important parts of memories and simultaneously reinforces the areas you need to remember.

How do the brain do this ----a good place to find out more about your brain is the website www.brainfacts.org

ወሳኝ ነጥብ፡ የፈተና አንዱ ዋና አላማ በዚህ ክፍል እንዳየነው የተለያዮ የማስታወሻ ዘዴዎችን በመፍጠር እና ከተለያዮ ምንጭ (በተለይ ከኢንተርኔት) በመውሰድና የራስ ቅርፅ በመስጠት ይህን ትምህታዊ ጨዋታ መጫወት ነው፡፡ይህም analytical and creative አይምሮን በማዳበር የትምህት ስነልቦና ይፈጥራል፡፡

የተለያዩ ጥያቄዎች፣ የተለያዩ ስልቶች

• ምርጫ፡- When you are taking a multiple choose cover up the choices and try to recall the information so that you can answer the question on there own first. ካልመለስከው በእርግጠኝነት ትክክል ያልሆነውን አስወግድ፣ ከዛም ትክክል ቢሆንም ለጥያቄው መልስ የማይሆኑትን አስወግድ ይህም ሂደት መልስ ለማግኘት ያቀርብሀል፡፡

• አዛምድ፡- በመጀመሪያ ቀላሎቹን በማዛመድ አማራጮችህን ቀንስ፡፡ አንድ በኩል ከማዛመድ ይልቅ ሁለቱም በኩል በማዛመድ መልስ ማግኘት አድልህን ታስፋለህ፡፡

• ዳሽ ሙላ፡- ሌሎቹን ጥያቄዎችን መመልከት ለተያያዥ ቃላቶች፣ ለፊደል አደራደር (Spelling)፣ ለሀሳብ ፍንጭ ሰጪ ይሆንልሀል፡፡

• ድርሰት መፃፍ፡- መልስ ቦታ ላይ ከመጻፍህ በፊት የአፃፃፍ ረቂቅ (outline) በፈተናው ወረቀት ጀርባ ወይም ጠርዝ ላይ ለመስራት ሞክር፡፡

ረቂቅ (on outline)

አጭር ገላጭ በሆነ አረፍተ ነገር ወይም ሀረግ እያንዳንዱ የምትሸፍነውን ሀሳቦች የያዘ ዝርዝር ነው፡፡ ይህም የሀሳብህ አቀራረብን፣ ፍሰትን ያሳያል፡ 

• ለምሳሌ፡- የታሪክ ድርሰት ከሆነ ቁልፍ የሆኑ የታሪኩ ዝንባሌዎች ወይም ለውጦችን በአጭር መግለጫ ሀረግ በመዘርዘር የታሪኩን ፍሰቱን አስቀምጥ፡፡ ይህም የድርሰቱ ርዕሶች ናቸው፡፡ ይህንን በምሳሌ እናያለን፡፡
• በእያንዳንዱ አንቀጽ (Paragraph) ከርዕስህ ጋር የሚሄደውን አንዱን ነጥብ ሀሳብ ብቻ ታውጠነጥናለህ፡፡
• በረቂቅህ ላይ (in the outline) እነዚህን ነጥቦች በዚህ መልክ ታስቀምጣለህ፡፡

1. መግቢያ

ሀ) የሚስብ ታሪክ ወይም የሚያስገርሙ እውነታዎች ወይም የመግለጽ ጉልበት ያላቸው (ንግግሮች) ምስሎች (Hook that are Relevant to the topic)

ለ) መነሻ ሀሳቦች እና መረጃዎች (background) (Agenda)

ሐ) Thesis statement (የጽሁፍ ወይም የንግግሩ ዋና ነጥብ)

ቴሲስ መግለጫ (thesis statement) የምንለው የጽሁፍን (ወይም የንግግርህ) ዋና ነጥብ ሲሆን ከምርምርህ ወይም ከጥናትህ የወሰድከውን መረጃ፣ ጥቀስ እና ሀሳብ ላይ ተነስተህ የምታስቀምጠው መግለጫ ነው፡፡በዚህ ሀሳብ ዙሪያ ነው የምታቀርበውን ነገር የምታደራጀው፡፡ 

2. አንደኛ ርዕስ (chapter)

ሀ) 1ኛ ነጥብ (Paragraph or set of paragraphs)

አንደኛ ማስረጃ

ሁለተኛ ማስረጃ

…

ለ) ሁለተኛ ነጥብ (Paragraph or set of paragraphs)

አንደኛ ማስረጃ

ሁለተኛ ማስረጃ

... 

3. ሁለተኛ ርዕስ (chapter)

              ከላይ እንዳየነው በተመሳሳይ መልኩ (ሀ፣ ለ…)
              …

4. መደምደሚያ

            ማጠቃለያ/ጥንቅር
            የርዕሱ ጠቀሜታ (application) የወደፊት እይታዎች እና ተያያዥ ሁኔታዎች (Paralleled situation)
            የሚቋጭ ጠንካራ ገለጻ (strong statement)

በአጭሩ የጽሁፍ ወይም የንግግር ረቂቅ (outline) ይህን መልክ ይይዛል፡፡ የበለጠ ለመረዳት ከታች ሰለድርሰት (essay writting) ማወቅ ያለብህን ወሳኝ ነጥበችን እናያለን፡፡

ፈተና ስትፈተን መውሰድ ያለብት ግንዛቤ

• መጀመሪያ ሙሉ ፈተናውን አስሰው ይህ የትኞቹ የትምህርት ክፍል እና ርዕስ ለመመለስ እንደሚያስፈልግህ ታይበታለህ፡፡ ከሌላ ጥያቄ ላይ መልስ ሊሆን የሚችሉ ፍንጭ ልታገኝ ትችላለህ፡፡ በመቀጠል ለእያንዳንዱ የፈተና ክፍል የሚያስፈልግህን የጊዜ መደብ በማሰብ ተዘጋጅ፡፡

• when you start working start first what appears to be the hardest problem but tell yourself to pull away with in a first minute or two if you get stuck or you get sense of you might not be in the right track. This activity will allow the subconscious mode to begin its work. Tackle the easiest problems then. And do or complete as much as you can. Then move next to the difficult looking problem make a bit of progress again change to something easier as soon as you feel bogged down. When you get back to the more difficult problems you will often will be pleased that the next steps in the problem seemed to be more obvious to you.

• THE ONLY trick with this approach is you must have the self-disciple to pull yourself off a problem once you find yourself stuck for a minute or two. Try exercising this first on homework.

• If you shift your attention from “this test has made me afraid” to this test has got me excited to do my best” it can really improve your performance.

• Momentarily turn your attention to your breathing relax your stomach slowly draw deep breath from your stomach. Also chewing gum as you enter to exam has also relaxing effect.

• ጨርሰህ ከመውጣትህ በፊት መልስህን አንድ ጊዜ ከልሰው፡፡ Double check your answers using a big picture perspective. Asking yourself does this really make sense? But don’t second guess yourself too much. Only change answers if you made an obvious mistake or something else on the test reminds you the correct answer. Mostly your initial gut reaction; your first answer is often times the right answer.so only change if you have really good reason to do so. Take this to the teacher when you receive your result.

• ፈተናው ታርሞ ከመጣ በኋላ ሁል ጊዜ የተሳሳትከውን ለማወቅ ከአስተማሪ ጠይቅ፡፡

• If you compare how much you learn by spending one hour studding vs. one hour taking a test on that same material you will retain and learn far more as a result of the hour you spent taking a test. በተላይ የፈተና ፍርሀት ካለብህ ለፈተና ስትዘጋጅ የጊዜ ገደብ አድርገህ በፈተና ስርዓት የተዘጋጁ 

• ጥያቄዎችን መልስ፡፡ ከፈተና በፊት በተዘጋጁ ጥያቄወች ጊዜ ወስነህ ራስህን ፈትነው፡፡ Th number one cure to test anxiety is to know the material so well that when you show up you are ready

Working in Groups

“Life is a series of group projects. Everyone is valued for what they can bring to the table, and everyone puts the group’s needs ahead of their own.”

Get to know your team members strengths.

Factual types are all about the detail. They will take a project apart and make sure everything is covered.

Analytical people focus on the essence of the topic or the problem.

The creative types deal with the problem in unique and exciting ways.

And as you put all together in a group, you will end up in group intelligence.

One of the biggest mistakes a leader can make is to try to control everyone and everything. A decision based on control or domination is dissatisfying for everyone.

Group study – you want to meet at least twice a week. It is just like a team, if you meet once or twice a month to play sport together as a team, you probably not going to play together as well because you need to meet regularly.

1. You also want to begin with some written objectives. We want to make sure that we are specifically going to information. And then maybe mark it off as we deal with it.
2. Plan for the next meeting. And try to plan the reading to cover and do the learning journal.

By deciding to do some of your studying with friends you can easily catch where your thinking has gone astray. Explaining to friend helps build your own understanding.

ወሳኝ ማሳሰቢያ፡ ከዚህ በታች የተፃፉት 5 ርዕሶች (ደራሲነት፣ dynamic presentation፣ የፈጠራ አይምሮ ማዳበር፣ ጥናትና ምርምር፣ critical thinking) ለትምህርት ህይወትህ እጅግ ወሳኝ ናቸው፡፡ ደራሲነትና dynamic presentation በ2ተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት እና በኮሌጅ ትምህርቶች ልትለማመዳቸው ይገባል፡፡ Essay writing የትምህርት አቅምህን በልዩ በልዩ መለኪያዎች ያሻሽላል፡፡ ስለዚህ በቁምነገር እንድታነባቸው አሳስባለሁ፡፡

በመጨረሻም ከክፍል ትምህርት ያለፈ ማድረግ ያለብህን ነገሮች እና ከሀይ ስኩል ስትወጣ ያለህን የትምህርት እና የስራ እድሎችን አይተን እንጨርሳለን፡፡

ደራሲነት (Essay writing)

ጥሩ ጸሀፊ መሆን ማለት የምትፈልገውን ሀሳብና ስሜት ሳያጓድል እና ሳይጋነን በፅሁፍ ማስፈር መቻል ነው፡፡ በማንኛውም አይነት የትምህርት ደረጃ ብትሆን የቃላት ምርጫህን እና የፅሁፍ መዋቅር (Structure) በማጎልበት እና በማሻሻል የፅሁፍ ችሎታህን ማሳደግ ትችላለህ፡፡

There are basically two types of essays: formal and informal. We are going to cover both of them.

Structure of essay

በቀላል ገለጻ ድርሰት ሶስት ክፍል ይኖረዋል፡፡ እነዚህም መግቢያ፣ ዋና አካል እና መደምደሚያ ናቸው፡፡ እነዚህ ክፍሎ በዚህ መንገድ እንያቸው፡፡

የመጀመሪያው ክፍል መግቢያ፣ ይህን ጥያቄ ይመልሳል What is this essay going to tell me? What is the essay introducing me to?

ሁለተኛው ክፍል ማለትም ዋና አካሉ ይህን ጥያቄ ይመልሳል፡- What is the essay telling me? What is the challenge the writer is bringing?

ሶስተኛው ክፍል መደምደሚያው ደግሞ የሚመልሰው ጥያቄ፡- What did the essay told me? What are the points the writer wanted me to retain and Stress? What are the reflections and implications of the paper?

ለምሳሌ፡- ባለ 5 አንቀጽ (Paragraph) ድርሰት 1 መግቢያ 3 ዋና አካል እና 1 መደምደሚያ ይኖረዋል፡፡

መግቢያው፡- የሁሉም አንቀጽ ሀሳቦች ተሰብስቦ በቀላል ፅሁፍ የተቀመጠበት አንቀጽ ነው፡፡ ሀሳቡን ለማስተዋወቅ የሚጠቅም ክፍል ነው፡፡ ብዙ ጊዜ በወሬ ወይም በተረት መልክ ወይም ምሳሌያዊ በሆነ መንገድ ለማቅረብ ይሞክራል፡፡ ይህም የአንባቢውን ለመሳብ የሚደረግ ነው፡፡ ከዚህ በመነሳት ፀሀፊው የሀሳብ ሙግቱን ይነሳል፡፡

የዋና አካል ጥቅሙ ደግሞ በመግቢያ ላይ የተነሳውን የሀሳብ ሙግት (argument or thesis of the paper) በማስፋት እና ደጋፊ እና ተቃራኒ ሀሳቦችን እውነታዎችን በማንሳት የሙግቱን ትክክለኛነት ያሳይበታል፡፡ያለውን መረጃዎች እና ሀሳቦች ለክርክርህ በሚያመች መልኩ መድቦ መደርድር:: ይህ ክፍል በትንሹ 3 አንቀጽ መሆን አለበት፡፡

የመደምደሚያው ክፍል ከመግቢያው ተቃራኒ የሆነ ቅርጽ ይኖረዋል፡፡ ይህ ማለት ደግሞ ከአጠቃላይ ሀሳብ ወደ ዝርዝር ማለት ነው፡፡ ይህ ክፍል ፀሐፊው ያነሳውን ሀሳብ በአለም ላይ ያለውን ተግባራዊነት የሚጠቅስበት፣ ያልተመለሱ ጥያቄዎችን ለተጨማሪ ምርምር የሚጠቁምበት፣ ተመሳሳይ የሆኑ ሁኔታዎችን አንስቶ ከራሱ ሀሳብ ጋር የሚያያዝበት እና ሀሳቡን በቆንጆ አገላለጽ ጠንካራ ቃላትንም በመጠቀም ገለፃውን የሚደመድምበት ክፍል ነው፡፡Representing in picture:

Structure of essay: The small pink triangle is your thesis statement. This also does apply to the next topic- Dynamic presentation.

Order in Paragraph 

1. Start with opposing argument -  በዋና ክፍሉ ላይ ተቃራኒ የሆነ የሀሳብ ሙግትን በማንሳት ማስረጃ ላይ ተደግፎ ክርክሩን ማቅረቡ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡
2. Move on to your own arguments
3. Put your strongest argument last

Transitions: this can be simple words like first of all, secondly, for example and in conclusion. This keeps readers organized. They are a bit like road signs that tell them where they are in the paper. They actually can create a bridge between two ideas and smooth the road. Transitions also can be a full sentence that guides readers to the next paragraph.

The Formal Essay: Drafting and Editing

Formal writing is a game, once we understand the rules we are able to play the game. Formal writing is when we write for a single audience with a single intent. We know specifically we are usually writing to an instructor. When we are writing in academic setting then typically that is what we call academic essay.

The assumption is that the instructor is going to use the writing assignment as a way to understand if you understand or comprehend the concepts. In other words we are writing to demonstrate comprehension or learning. We want to make sure then anytime we are writing a formal essay we are showing, exhibiting our learning.

Paragraph in academic essay is a 5-7 sentences which express a single thought. Paragraphing is the beginning and the end.

Paragraph of Introduction – introduces the background of the main idea but typically what we are writing here is not what we call a book report. In other word we are not going to tell the teacher the story. We just want to make sure we understand the story. As you come to the final sentence of your intro paragraph it has built up to the thesis statement - We are making some kind of argument. We want to demonstrate learning in this sentence meaning our thesis will show relationship between ideas or theory and practice that you want to validate or critic. Then it will occur later in our body essay.

Body Paragraph- Once we know what it is that we want to argue, prove or validate we got to actually do it. How we validate of course is going to be important in the body of our paper. We have to have a topic sentence for each one of the paragraph that shows what you are arguing. It is best to put it at the top of every paragraph the reason is instructors don’t have a tremendous amount of time to read your paper. A quote does not make a topic sentence.

There are two types of validation with in body paragraph.

Internal validation – when you are working from a single textbook, giving examples from your textbook

External validation—it is at the heart of academic writing. Anytime I write a paper academically I am always asking myself this fundamental question “what have other people said about my topic?” I will cite the information in the body of my paper.

Conclusion paragraph – we want to leave our essay with some power and we always want to write to affirm and not just drop our reader right there at the middle. Reflect on the thesis and point of validation.

Title: will contain the creative and academic title. The academic title sets up our thesis. For example

We would like to remove phrases like ‘I think’ or ‘it seems’ and we want to write with more strength. We are waiting to affirm. Instead of saying, “I think this is bad idea.” We will say “this is bad idea.”

Don’t start your paragraph with a pronoun (example: he, she, it, they, that, the)

Jam Writing and Informal Writing

Writing and Editing are in fact two different functions. Good writing is not good grammar. Good writing is a good idea... (weather it is essay, poem or …).

What would happen if we simply wrote and didn’t worry about trying to edit? This is what I call jam writing. It is important to understand that jam writing is only for you, no one else ever read this. You have total freedom to be able to say anything you want to say. You can ask yourself questions what you are going to write on. Once we start writing, we don't stop at least for 10 minutes. One of the beauties of this is the ability to surprise yourself. You often say things beyond the seventh minute that you don’t even know where it came from.

The great writer E.M. Forster said “How do I know what I think until I see what I say?”

EXPANDED VIEW

After you write your first draft, let it sit for a day, and then review it. Is this worth Improving?

The key is to get some feedback so you can see how your ideas come across to someone else.

Informal writing

Any type of writing, if the intended audience is broad, the rules for the writing really do vary with audiences. We should try to publish because we want to experiment with our 'voice'.

Poetry

One of the most popular forms of informal writing. For those of you who want to improve their poetry, you will do much better if you begin with a concrete image or picture in your mind. What is it that you wish to describe in detail? And see that picture and that image clearly. And begin in Jam writing. Don’t worry about the form of Poetry. The way I like to think about poetry is a snapshot or a picture. When the picture is fuzzy we call that out of focus. In your mind try to have as clear image as you can and create that image with word. In other word poetry is picture writing with words.

Fiction and drama

Where to start:

Several ways though that writers like to approach their writing. Let me give you examples of a few. One approach is to begin with characterization. For example you can write what we call character sketching. The idea here is that you begin by describing a character, you have no idea where this character will be in terms of the setting of the story and you don’t care. You have no idea what kind of conflict or fights I’ll be involved in this character and you don’t care. But you have a very clear image in your mind of who this character is. What does this character look like, feel like, and think like. And you describe so strongly that character and you can put that character in any number of settings or any number of situations or conflicts and you can create a storyline.

Another way to begin or create ideas for stories even in your jam writing is to work from a scene. If you like the setting or you can see setting well this might be a place for you to begin.

A third and final place is the fight or the conflict. Good stories have always some kind of stories or conflict. Many students feel the need to create an original story. The truth is most of the storyline in terms of conflict has all been taken. You can always take a conflict and vary it in some way. So while you are watching a movie or television, you can ask yourself what is the primary fight in this and how can I use this in a new story that maybe I would be creating

Informal Essay

Involves anytime I write to voice an opinion or potentially broad audience, it can be writing for a school newspaper, writing for a local paper, voicing an opinion of some kind or another.

Improving Informal Writing

Begin with model – we have to be readers if we are going to be writers.

Emulate the model –this is not imitating. You look at for example the way they approach subject,

Improving short Fiction and Novel writing

Focus on dialogue – you want it to be fresh and real. Try to pick up any bestselling novel open it random and begin to read the dialogue.

Focus on conflict

Important Points

ጠንካራ ቃላቶችን ስትጠቀም ስልታዊ በሆነ መንገድ እንጂ እንዳገኘን መጠቀም የለብንም፡፡ ጠንካራ ቃላቶች ፅሁፍ ላይ ከመብዛት ይልቅ ነጥሮ በመውጣት ሀሳብ እና ስሜትን ገላጭ ብሎም ለአንባቢ ልቦና መቅረት የሚችሉ መሆን አለባቸው፡፡

A long and complex sentence doesn’t necessarily make it better. Sometimes situations can be perfectly expressed with very short simple sentences.

ጥሩ ፀሀፊዎች በመጻፍ ብቻ ሳይሆን ብዙ በማንበብ አጻጻፍን እና የሀሳብ ፍሰትን ይማራሉ፡፡

ድርሰትን ስትፅፍ በሂደት፤ በልምድ የሚዳብር መሆኑን መረዳት አለብህ፡፡ መጀመሪያ የምትጽፋቸውን ድርሰቶች በብዙ ስህተቶች እና ብስለት ማጣት የተሞላ ሊሆን እንደሚችል ከግምት አስገባ፡፡

• በባለሞያ እና በአስተማሪ ድጋፍ የተሻለ ፀሐፊ እያወጣህ ትመጣለህ፡፡
• ድርሰትህን ከፃፍክ በኋላ ሁለት ሶስት ጊዜ ደጋግመህ መከለስ ጥሩ ነው፡፡ በመጀመሪያ አጠቃላይ ሀሳቡ፣ ያነሳኸው ሙግት፣ የወሰድከው ማስረጃ እና የሀሳብ ፍሰት ከልሰው፡፡ በሁለተኛው ክለሳ የተጠቀምከው ቃላት መረጣህ፣ የፊደል እና አፃፃፍ ስህተቶች፤ በሶስተኛ ክለሳ የጽሁፍ አያያዝ ላይ የተጠቀምከውን ሽግግር ምን ማሻሻል እንደምትችል ተመልከት (Transition). Editing has a big place in essay writing. It can take up to 50% of the whole time of making your essay.
• PHASES OF EDITING TO TAKE:-

• የምትወዳቸውን ግጥሞች ወይም ከምትወደው መጽሀፍ ላይ አንቀጽ በመውሰድ ፀሐፊው የተጠቀመውን ቃላትን አስተውል፡፡ ምን አይነት ስሜት ላይ ተጽእኖ እንዳላቸው እና ቃል በቃል ያለውን ትርጓሜ ተመልከት፡፡ ከነሱ ተነስተህ አንቀጹን ወይም ግጥሙ ላይ የቃላት ጨዋታ ተጫወት አሳዛኝ ግጥምን አስቂኝ ወይም ድራማዊ ማድረግ ከቻልክ ሞክር፣ ተለማመድ፡፡

• የጥናት ጓደኞች ካሉህ ከመከለስህ በፊት ከነርሱ ጋር የጻፋችሁትን ድርስት በመለዋወጥ ምን አስተያየት እንደሚሰጡህ ተመልከት፡፡ ቀድሞ ያነበቡት ጓደኞችህ ምን ላይ ጠንካራ፤ ምን ላይ ደካማ እንደሆንክ ፍንጭ ሊሰጡ ይችላሉ፡፡ ምን የተሻለ ወይም ተጨማሪ ማስረጃ እንደሚፈልግ ምን እንደሚያደናግር ሳይቀር ሊያሳዩህ ይችላሉ፡፡

• በትምህርት ቤት የጽህፈት ክለብ (Literature Club) ካለ ተሳተፍ፡፡ በተለያየ ደረጃ ላይ ያሉ የጽሁፍ ተሰጥኦ ካላቸው ልጆች ብዙ ትማራለህ፡፡

Dynamic Presentation

ንግግር ስታደርግ አዳማጭህ አንተን እንዲሰማህ ለማሳመን ወደ አንድ ደቂቃ ገደማ አለህ፡፡ ለዚህም ነው ልክ እንደ ድርሰት መግቢያህን በሚስቡ ታሪኮች ወይም በሚያስገርሙ እውነታዎች በሚያስቁ ወይም የመግለጽ ጉልበት ባላቸው ንግግሮች ወይም ምስሎች መጀመር ያለብህ፡፡ ከዛ ተነስተህ ሀሳብህን ማስቀመጥ ትጀምራለህ፡፡

የንግግር ክፍሎች ድርሰት ክፍሎች ጋር ተመሳሳይ ናቸው፡፡ መግቢያ፣ ዝርዝር አካል፣ መደምደሚያ፡፡ ነገር ግን እንደስድንባብ በወረቀት ተዘጋጅቶ ንግግርን ማቅረብ ፍሰት የሌለ፣ ከአድማጭ ልቦና የሚርቅ ይሆናል፡፡

• ጥሩ ዝግጅት ከርዕስ ይጀምራል፡፡ የምታውቀውን ርዕስ፣ መናገር የምትፈልገውን እና ለአድማጭ ለመስማት የማይቸግር መሆን አለበት

• በመቀጠል የንግግርህን የአቀራረብ ረቂቅ (Outline) ወይም የንግግርህ ፅንሰ ሀሳቡ ካርታ (Concept Map) ቀለል አድርገህ በማስታወሻ አዘጋጅ፡፡ ከሀሳብህ መግለጫ እና ከሌላ ቦታ በቀጥታ ከጠቀሰቃቸው ንግግሮች ባለፈ ሙሉ አረፍተ ነገር በማስታወሻህ ላይ መጠቀም የለብህም፡፡

ለማስታወስ የሚሆኑ ቁልፍ ቃላት ወይም ሐረግ ተጠቅመህ ከነዚህ ተነስተህ ንግግር ለማድረግ ተዘጋጅ፡፡

ይህን ካዘጋጀህ በኋላ በደንብ ደጋግመህ ንግግርህን ተዘጋጅ፡፡ ለቤተሰብ አባላት፣ ለጓደኞች፣ ለውሻህ ቢሆን እንዃ  በማቅረብ ተዘጋጅ፡፡ ከአንገትህ ቀና ብለህ አድማጭህን እየተመለከትክ እና ትንሽ ከማስታወሻህ እየሾፈተርክ (እያየህ) ፍሰቱን ለመጠበቅ ሞክር፡፡

• ንግግርህን በደቂቃ ከመቶ እስከ መቶ ሃምሳ ቃላት ለማስገባት ሞክር You may assume this is a slow pace but it helps for the audience to digest what you are presenting

• ለአፍታ ማቆም በንግግር ላይ አጽንኦት ለመፍጠር (Creating emphasis) ይጠቅማል፡፡ ለአንተ ደግሞ አየር ለመውሰድ ፍጥነትህን ለመቆጣጠር ይጠቅምሀል፡፡

• በንግግርህ ጊዜ ወዲያ ወዲህ ስትል በአላማ ይሁን፡፡ ያለ አላማ መንቀሳቀስ ትኩረትን ሊከፋፍልህ ይችላል፡፡ ከአንድ ዘንግ ወደ ሌላ ዘንግ መንቀሳቀስ፣ ሁኔታዎችን ለማሳየት መንቀሳቀስ ወይም ከአድማጮች ጋር ለመነጋገር መንቀሳቀስ ጥሩ ምክንያቶች ናቸው፡፡ Hand gesture to create emphasis or understanding helps.

• ቀልድ ወይም በንግግርህ መሀል በአግባቡ ሳይበዛ ማስገባት አድማጮችህን አሳታፊ ያደርጋል፡፡

• ስለምታቀርበው ነገር ጥሩ መረዳት እንዳለህ ከተማመንክ ጥያቄ እንዲያቀርቡ መጨረሻ ላይ መጋበዝ ትችላለህ፡፡

• የዲጂታል አጠቃቀምህ ለምሳሌ ፓወር ፓይንት አቀራረብህ ቀለል ባለ መልኩ ለማንበብ የማያስቸግር መሆን አለበት፡፡ በጽሁፍ መልክ የምታቀርበው በትንሹ፣ ቀላል መልክ የያዘ፣ በሚነበብ ፅህፈት መሆን አለበት፡፡ የተዝረከረከ ወይም አላስፈላጊ አኒሜሽን እና ገፅ አገላለጥን አስወግዱ፡፡

• እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ ስሜትን የሚገልፁ ቀላል (የማይረብሹ) ወይም የፊት ገፅታዎች በፎቶ መልክ ወይም በዲጂታል የምስል መግለጫዎች (for example emojis) ማስገባት የአቀራረብህ ይዞታ ሰፊ እና አስደሳች ያደርገዋል፡፡

የፈጠራ አይምሮ ማዳበር

ፈጠራ ከተለምዶ የአርት ስራ ማለትም ስዕል፣ ሙዚቃ መስራት ያለፈ ትርጉም አለው፡፡

በተለምዶ የምንሰራቸውን ነገሮች ቀየር በማድረግ ለምሳሌ የተለምዶ አሰራር መንገዳችንን፣ የፕሮጀክት እና የቤት ስራ አሰራራችንን ቀየር በማድረግ አይምሮን የሚያፍታታ እና በቀላሉ የሚገባን አዲስ ዘዴ ልናዳብር እንችላለን፡፡

እኔ የፈጠራ ሰው አይደለሁም ልትል ትችላለህ፡፡ ነገር ግን ፈጠራ ከነዚህ ትናንሽ ነገር ተነስተህ የምታዳብረው ችሎታ (skill) ነው:: የትምህርት ስረአታችን ከድሮ ጀምሮ መዋቅርን (structure) መከተል እንጂ ፈጠራን አያበረታታም፡፡

In order to get more creative ideas, you have to break the ‘rules’, which were not any rules at first. Sometimes we assume there are rules when they actually aren’t. We need to challenge those assumptions in ourselves and in others if we are ever going to break out of the box and do something truly unique and innovative. We are not talking about rules, like your school rules but often times we assume there are rules in place when in reality it is just belief.

It is time to quite filling in someone else circles and start thinking outside the circle.

The good news is this you are born thinking creatively. The difficulty is though most of our traditional educational system ever since you left kindergarten doesn’t create us much room to explore and do things our own ways. ፖል ቶረንስ የተባለ ተመራማሪ የተለያዩ የተማሪ ክፍሎቹን በመጎብኘት ያገኘው የጥናት ውጤት እንደሚያሳየው የትምህርት ደረጃ በጨመሩ ቁጥር ስለራሳቸው የፈጠራ ችሎታ ያላቸው ግምት እየቀነሰ ይመጣል፡፡

 There are two major barriers to creativity, one of them is grades and the other is 'maturity'. When grades take over the focus of our education too much, we become a slave to them our masters shouldn’t be grades, they should actually be curiosity and learning. That is what education is really all about. If you are a slave to your grades you will never think creatively. You won’t explore on your on.

On the other hand much of what happens when we "mature’’ is it we quite being playful and creative. We loose our desire to explore, to use our imaginations and to just be ourselves.

So the solution here obviously is to be more like a child. Kids are just relaxed, they are imaginative. They are not worried about weather their ideas are good or not. They are just playing. And that is why they are so creative.

My definition of creativity is just flow. Most ideas you come with are silly and ridiculous but that is the point, it is not a serious test for grade, just flowing into a relaxed mode of thinking and having fun and not judging yourself.

ለምሳሌ ፈጠራን የምታዳብርበት መንገዶችን እንይ፡

አንደኛው free writing ነው፡፡ ሀተታዊ ፅሁፍ ሊባል ይችላል፡፡ በአይመሮህ የሚመጣልህን ማንኛውንም ሀሳብ ትንሽም ሆነ ትልቅ፣ ጠቃሚም ሆነ አልሆነ በፅሁፍ ማስፈር፡፡ ከነዚህ ሃሳቦች የምትወደውን እና የሚጠቅሙትን ቀስ እያልክ ትመርጣለህ፡፡ በዚህ መልክ ሀሳቦችን ማሰናዳት divergent thinking ይባላል፡፡

Albert Einstein once said “If at first the idea is not absurd, then there is no hope for it”

በተጨማሪም ከመፅሄት ወይም ከኢንተርኔት randomly የተገኘን ምስል፤ ከፅሁፍህ ወይም ከፈጠራ ስራህ ጋር ለማጣመር መሞከር አዲስ ግኝት ሊያመራህ ይችላል፡፡ ከመፀሀፍ ወይም ከጋዜጥ randomly የተገኘን ሀረግ ወይም አረፍተ-ነገር ለፈጠራ ፅሁፍህ ጥሩ መነሻ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡

Divergent thinking ላይ ምንም ውድቅ ሀሳብ የለም፡፡ መጥፎ የመሰለህ ሃሰብ ወደፈጠራ ሀሳብህ መንደርደሪያ ሊሆንህ ይችላል፡፡ ቸኩለህ ሃሳብህን አትገምት፤ ቶሎ ከመገምገም እና ሀሳብን ውድቅ ከማድረግ ተቆጠብ፡፡

Brainstorm

ቃላት ማጣመር፡ ከመዝገበ ቃላት (dictionary) ወይም ከሌላ መፀሀፍ የተገኘውን (randomly) ቃላትን በመውሰድ ከርዕስህ ጋር ምንም ባይገናኝ እንኩ ተመሳሳይነትን መፈለግ creative ውጤት ይሰጥሀል፡፡ ለምሳሌ ፍቅር የሚለውን ቃል እንደርዕስ ወስደህ ከገኘሀው ቃል ጋር በዚህ መልክ ማያያዝ፡፡ “ፍቅር እነደ _____________ነው ምክንያቱም ___________________________” ወይም “ፍቅር የ_____________________ተቃራኒ ነው ምክንያቱም ___________________________”

ጥሩ ተምሳሌታዊ ንግግር ወይም ዘይበያዊ ንግግር ሊሆን የሚችሉ ፈጠራዎችን ከ random ቃላት ተነስተን ልንሰራ አንችላለን፡፡

ለብቻህ ቃላት በመምረጥና በማጣመር ቆየተህ ከሌሎች ልጆች ጋር ሃሳብን በመጋራት የተሻለ ሃሳብ ታገኛለህ፡፡

አንዳንድ ሰዎች ፈጠራን ፍፅም አዲስ የሆነ ሀሳብ ይዞ መምጣት አድርገው ይወሳዳሉ፡፡ እውነታው ግን ፈጠራ ማለት በራስህ ልዩ መንገድ ነገሮችን ወይም/ሃሳቦችን ማደራጀት መቻል ነው፡፡

After you do this kind of filter-free brainstorming or free writing, then you can move on to step two, convergent thinking, which means evaluating and refining the ideas you’ve just produced into something workable. Working on the convergent thinking with fellow students can help. ይህም ለበለጠ ፈጠራ ያናሳሳሀል፡፡This kind of thinking is for the most part critical thinking, which we will cover below.

ያልተሳኩ ሙከራዎች የፈጠራ ሂደት ላይ ግድ የሚጋጥሙ ክስተቶች ናቸው፡፡ መሳሳት የፈጠራ ሂደት አንዱ አካል መሆኑን ተረድተህ ተስፋ ከመቁረጥ ተጠንቀቅ፡፡

ወክ አድርግ ወይም በአካባቢህ ለሩጫ ተዘጋጅተህ ሩጥ:፡ ያልጎበኘሀቸውን ቦታዎች ጎብኝ፡፡ ብዙጊዜ የማታነበውን መፀሀፍ ወይም መፅሄት ወስደህ አንብብ፡፡ የማታናግራቸውን ሰዎች ለማናገር ክፍት ሁን፡፡ Explore new cultures and languages. አነዚህ እንቅስቃሴዎች አይመሮህ የፈጠራ ችሎታ እንዲያዳብር ይረዳሉ፡፡ The visually stimulating environments will help you create new connection. It is going to get the ideas flowing more.

Experience things from a different viewpoint: In photography for example: Bird’s eye-view, warmth eye-view, color difference…

ይህንን እይታ ወደ ፅሁፎች ለመወስድ፤ ለምሳሌ ያአምሪካ መንግስት ላይ ለመፃፍ ብታስብ--ይህን ጥያቅዎች ጠይቅ፡-

የህንን ርዕስ በፖሊስ እይታ ምን ይመስላል? (ፖሊስ ይህንን እንዴት ይወስደዋል?

በአማዞን የሚኖር የጎሳ መሪ የህን ርዕስ እንዴት ያየዋል?

የጠቅላይ ፍርድ ቤት አመራርስ ምን እይታ ይኖረዋል?

የቤተ መንግስቱ ውሻውስ (ወይም የፖሊሶቹ ውሻስ) ምን የሚያስቡ ይመስልሀል?)

ጄን ጉዶል በውሻዋ ተነሳሽነት ነው የዛሬን እውቅና ያተረፈችው፡፡ ስለሷ አንዳንድ ነገር ልበላችሁ፡፡ ጄን ጉዶል በ1960ዎቹ በወጣትነቷ ቺምፓንዚ ለማየት ወደ አፍሪካ ታቀናለች፡፡በጊዜው ምንም ባታቅም በትንሽ አመታት ውስጥ አለምን በሚያነጋግር ሁኔታ ቺምፓንዚን አንዴት እንደምንረዳ አስተምራለች፡፡ አንደተመልካች ሳይሆን ውሻዋን እንደምትቀርብ በተለየ መንገድ በመቅረብ እያንዳንዳቸውን ስም በማውጣት እና በመስተጋበር ሰለእንስሳቶቹ የተሻለ መረዳት ሰጥታናለች፡፡በቺምፓንዚ ላይም በጣም ታዋቂ ባለሞያ ነች፡፡

ልክ እንደልጅ ለተለያየ እይታ ክፍት መሆን ወደሚገርሙ ሃሳቦች ሊወስድህ ይችላል፡፡ ከልጆች ጋር ጊዜ በማሳለፍ አብረሀቸው ተጫወት፡፡ The idea is to get you think on different perspective. You can start from working on your homework or on creating the mnemonic acronyms and the flash cards we discussed above which are critical for your academic journey.

Creativity is all about coming up with something new that has value.

የፈጠራ አይምሮ ማዳበር ለምን አስፈለገ?

የፈጠራ አይምሮ በወደፊቱ የሚመጣው ኢንዱስትሪ በኮምፒዩተር ወይም በማሽን እንዳትለወጥ ትልቅ ሚና አለው፡፡ በዘመኑ በፍጥነት የሚለወጥ አልም እና ኢኮኖሚ ውስጥ የሚመጡትን አዳዲስ ተግዳሮቶችን እንድተወጣ ያግዝሀል፡፡ ዛሬ አለም ላይ ያሉ ችግሮችን በነባር አስተሳሰብ አይፈቱም፡፡ Creativity enriches our life and makes us human.

Thinking critically

Creative and critical thinking go hand in hand. We got to evaluate and narrow down the creative options and we decide what we are going to do with that option. Critical thinking is really the opposite of blind acceptance. Advertisers know that we tend to accept things blindly. Opinion without evidence is just a weak opinion.

• ክሪቲካል ቲንኪንግ ማለት አንድ ሀሳብን የሚደግፉ ማስረጃዎችን በመውሰድ ያላቸውን ተዛማጅነትና ሚዛናዊነታቸውን ምክንያታዊ (Using Logic and Reason) በሆነ መልኩ የምንገመግምበት ሂደት ነው፡፡

• ይህንን ግምገማ ስናደርግ ምክንያታዊነት ስህተቶች (Logical Fallacies) ከግንዛቤ በመውሰድ መጠንቀቅ ይገባናል፡፡
• በዋነኝነት ተጠቃሾቹ፡-

1. ተዛማጃነትን እና ምክንያታዊነትን ማወዛገብ -- humans like explanation, they like to have some sort of causation. Sometimes we confuse correlated things as caused by one another.
2. ባልተገናዘበ ሁኔታ ማጠቃለል (Hasty Generalization) Is there enough evidence? We use too little evidence or maybe only just a single story. Use large and randomized samples, controlled experiments and understand how variables affect all this staffs.

ማጠቃለያ ላይ ስንደርስ የተለያዩ መረጃዎችን ከግምት ውስጥ በማስገባት እና የተለያዩ አመለካከቶችን በመውሰድ መሆን አለበት፡፡

አንድ የሀሳባችንን ጥንካሬ የምናይበት መንገድ ከሀሳባችን ተቃራኒ ቦታ በመያዝ እና በመከራከር ነው፡፡ ምን አይነት የምክንያታዊነት ድጋፍ እንደምንሰጠው በማየት አጥጋቢነቱን መለካት እንችላለን፡፡ What part of your argument lack evidence? List evidence for each points. It might help you realize you don’t have very good evidence for one of your claims or it may help you look critically at the evidence you are using. We must consider that we may become biased to our argument. 

For example some Cigarette industries were accused of not presenting all the evidence in responsive studies. In other words if you were a cigarette manufacturer and you do study about smoking how it relate to cancer, chances are you are not going to publish that; it turns out not to be in your favor. There is a lot of risk in selecting only favorable evidence.

የምክንያታዊነት ስህተቶች እና ስሜታዊ እይታዎች

ያልረገጠ ማስረጃ፡ የማያስተማምን ወይም ለድምዳሜ የማያበቃ ማስረጃ ላይ ተደግፎ መከራከር ለምሳሌ፡- ይህ ፊልም ብዙ ገንዘብ አስገኝቷል ስለዚህ የዓመቱ ምርጥ ፊልም ነው፡፡ ስንል ትርፋማነቱ ለፊልሙ ጥራት ሙሉ ማረጋገጫ እንደሚሆን በመውሰድ የደረስንበት ድምዳሜ ነው፡፡ Just because a lot of people believe it does not make the statements true or right.

ስርኩላር ሪዝኒንግ፡ ቅድመ ሁኔታው እና የምትደርስበት ድምዳሜ አንድ አይነት መሆን፡፡ ለምሳሌ፡- “አንደኛ አስተማሪ ነኝ ምክንያቱም ከሁሉም አስተማሪ እበልጣለሁ፡፡ For example you can say “The teacher cannot give me a ‘C’; I am an ‘A’ student.

ግላዊነት፡- የመጣውን ሀሳብ ምክንያታዊ በሆነ ሁኔታ ከመገምገም ሰውየውን በማጥላላት ሀሳቡን መግፋት፡፡ (Ad Hominen)

ስልጣንን ማየት፡- በማህበረሰቡ የተሻለ ግምት ያለው ወይም የተሻለ ቦታ የያዘ ሰው ሲናገር ምክንያታዊነቱን ከማየት ይልቅ በደፈናው መቀበል በተለይ ከተማረበት ወይም ከችሎታው ውጪ የሆኑ አስተያየቶች ላይ፡፡ This is mostly common in advertisement. For example: Christiano Ronaldo (renowned football player) advertising under wears.

ያልተገናዘበ እይታ፡- (False Dilema) ውስብስብ ችግሮችን ወይም ሁኔታዎችን በቀላል ለመረዳት መሞከር ለምሳሌ “እናት እና አባቴ ለምርቃት ብስክሌት ካልገዙልኝ አይወዱኝም ማለት ነው፡፡” ስሜትህን ብቻ ከግምት ውስጥ ያስገባ ድምዳሜ፡፡

የተወዛገበ ተያያዥነት፡- አንድ ስህተት መፈፀም ተያያዥ የሆነ መዘዞች በተጋነነ ሁኔታ እንደሚያመጣ ማመን፡፡ ለምሳሌ፡- “ይህን የቃላት ፈተና ካላለፍክ በአጠቃላይ ትምህርትን ያበላሸዋል ብሎም ስራ ፈት ትሆናለህ፡፡”

ገለባነት፡- የተቀናቃኝ ክርክርን በማጋነን የማይመስል ነገር አድርጎ መሳል፡፡ ለምሳሌ፡- “ተቃዋሚው አንድ መቶኛ የመከላከያ በጀት እንዲነሳ ጠቁሟል፡፡ ሁላችንም የሽብርተኝነት ተጠቂ እንድንሆን ነው የሚፈልገው”

ጉበኛነት፡- ምክንያቱ የቀረበበትን መንገድ ወይም ያቀረበውን ሰው ከግምት በማስገባት የምክንያቱን ጥሬ ሀሳብ አለመመርመር፡፡ ለምሳሌ፡- ሰዎች ማራኪ ሆነው ያገኙአቸውን ወይም የሚያውቋቸውን ሰዎችን መምረጥ ይቀናቸዋል፡፡

ይህ አይነት አይምሮአዊ ግምገማዎች ዋና ዓላማው በዚህ ዓለም የሚገጥሙንን ሀሳቦችና ችግሮች በቀላሉ እና እንደመጣልን ከመቀበል ወይም ከመተቸት በፊት ያለውን ውስብስብነት መገንዘብ መቻል ነው፡፡ (To not over simplify and have a linear view on things but to recognize and explore the complexity).

ለምሳሌ ለወደፊት ማስታወቂያችን ስትመለከት ስለ ምርታቸው ምን አይነት እምነት መፍጠር እንደፈለጉ ለመገምገም ሞክር፡፡

በማስታወቂያ የምትሰማው እና የምታየውን ከምርታቸው አገልግሎት ጋር ያለውን ተዛምዶ ምን እንደሆነ ጠይቅ፡፡

አንድ ለውሳኔ የሚጠቅም መሳሪያ እንውሰድ ይህም ማትሪክስ የምንለው ሲሆን ለምሳሌ አንድ መኪና ለመግዛት የሚያስብ ሰው ሰንጠረዥ በመስራት በአንድ ጎን መግዛት (column) የሚፈልጋቸውን የመኪና ሞዴሎች ይፅፋል በሌላው ጎን (Row) ከመኪና የሚፈልጋቸውን አገልግሎቶች ይዘረዝራል፡፡ ለእያንዳንዱ አገልግሎቶ ነጥቦችን በማስቀመጥ ማለትም ተጨማሪ ለሆነ አገልግሎት 1 ነጥብ፣ አስፈላጊ ለሆነ አገልግሎት 2 ነጥብ፣ በጣም አስፈላጊ ወይም መቅረት የሌለበት አገልግሎት 3 ወይም ከዛ በላይ ነጥብ በመስጠት ሰንጠረዡን መሙላት ነው፡፡ ከዚም የእያንዳንዱን የመኪና ውጤት በመደመር ምርጫውን ለመለየት ይረዳዋል፡፡

ቀድሞ የጠቀስነው መፅሐፍ ላይ (How to become superstar student by Michael Geisen) weight voting የሚለው ላይ የተመሰረተ ነጥብ አሰጣጥ ምሳሌን እንውሰድ፡-

In weighted voting, each group member can rank his or her favorite option as 1, 

second Favorite or good enough as 2,

3 as “not bad, I can live with that, it is possible” 

4 as “I don’t think so but can cope with, I don’t mind” 

5 as “not good enough” 

6 (or even 7.3, leaving 6, giving it a higher weight) unacceptable. 

The number with the lowest score wins. 

This weighted voting system in a table we just discussed can help you make decisions, for example where to go to college.

ጥናት እና ምርምር

ማንኛውም ፍላጎትህን የሚያነሳሳ ርዕስ ስታገኝ ወደ ምርምር የሚወስድ ግምታዊ ጥያቄዎች ልታነሳ ትችላለህ፡፡

ይህ የምታነሳው ግምታዊ ጥያቄዎች ወደግል አስተያየት ይወስድሀል፡፡

Since you may not know much about your topic or even have much of an opinion on it, your initial thesis statement (your opinion statement) should be based on your general sources but as you find more evidence on the subject your thesis may change. And evolve. In fact it might even do a total 180 flip the other way. And that is good, that shows you have an open mind and you are judging based on evidence not just on your initial emotions of the subject.

It is also a good idea at this point in time to get feedback, don’t wait until the end to get feedback. Get it early in the process. Your teacher can help you shape your basic ideas and save you tones of time. And give you some ideas where to look for further research.

Sources to look.

For a general and beginning source Wikipedia can be a good start but won’t prefer for further and deeper look.

ከዚህ ተነስተህ መረጃ ስትሰበስብ አጠቃላይ ወደ ዝርዝር ምንጮች ለመግባት መነሻ የሚሆንህ የመጽሀፍ ቅጂ የምንለው (bibliography) ነው፡፡ እዛ ላይ በልዩ ልዩ ርዕስ መጽሐፍ ታገኛለህ፡፡ የተለያዩ የባለሙያ ስሞችንና በተያያዝ ርዕስ የተፃፉ መፁሀፍ መረጃ ታገኛለህ፡፡

በጊዜ የሚቀያየር ርዕሰ ከሆነ ከመጽሐፍ ይልቅ በምሁር የተፃፉ እና የተገመገሙ ወቅታዊ ጽሁፎችን ከኢንተርኔት እና ከመጽሔት ላይ መውሰድ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡

(Scholarly & Peer reviewed journal). Peer-reviewed Articles have been reviewed by other specialists in the field. In other words experts reviewing experts. These can be the best sources of info for your research. You probably go to ask your librarian or media specialists for help. Universities are great places they have the fast online collections for professional journals. You can also use google Scholar, for instance, to look for peer reviewed journals. Although some of them require payment to download them. But more and more this scholarly research articles and books are online everyday. Even places like Wikipedia can be a good start to find more specific articles because often times their references are listed at the end .

Abstract of a journal is a short little summary of what the article is about right at the beginning of the article. If it does not resemble with your topic you don’t have to read the whole article then.

If you are going to interview experts focus on what the professional can help you with specifically.

Books: sources listed aren’t necessarily the most current articles or research.

የላቀ ምርምር ለማድረግ ከመጀመሪያ ደረጃ እና ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ምንጮች መውሰድ አስፈላጊ ነው፡፡ መጀመሪያ ደረጃ ምንጮች የሚባሉት ኦርጂናል የሆኑ በቀጥታ ከግለሰብ ተሞክሮ የተወሰዱ መረጃዎች ሲሆኑ ለምሳሌ፡- የቪዲዮ መረጃ፣ የቤተ ሙከራ ውጤቶች ይፋ የሆኑ የሀገር መግለጫዎች፡፡

ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ምንጮች የሚባሉት ከመጀመሪያ ደረጃ መረጃዎ በመነሳት የግለሰብ ወይም የድርጅቶች ትንታኔዎች እና ትርጓሜዎች ናቸው፡፡ ለምሳሌ፡- የመማሪያ መጽሐፎች፣ የታሪክ ተመራማሪዎች  ፅሁፎች፡፡

የተነሳህበትን የግል አስተያየት የሚደግፉትን እና የሚቃወሙትን መረጃዎችን በተለያየ ቀለም ሀይላይተሮች ተጠቅመህ አቅልም፡፡ ተያያዥ ሀሳቦች ያላቸውን ፅሁፎች ወይም መረጃዎችን በአንድ ላይ አስቀምጥ፡፡

የሚለጠፉ ማስታወሻ መያዣዎችን በመጠቀም የምትፈልጋቸውን መረጃዎችን በምትፈልገው ቅደም ተከተል ሰሌዳ ላይ መለጠፉ ጥሩ የመረጃ አደረጃጀት ሊሆንልህ ይችላል፡፡

ከኢንተርኔት ምንጮችን ስትፈልግ የተለያዩ የድህረ ገጽ (website) አይነቶች ታገኛለህ፡፡ የነዚህን ድህረ ገጾች ለመገምገም የሚረዳህን ነገሮች እንመልከት በመጀመሪያ ዶሜን ኔም ወይም የድህረ ገጽ አድራሻ ስም ተመልከት

(ዶት ኮም) .com ድህረ ገፆች (ለምሳሌ facebook.com) የንግድ ናቸው፡፡ ማንኛውም ሰው መስራት የሚችለው አይነት ናቸው፡፡

.Gov የመንግስት (በተለይ U.S) ድህረ ገፆች ናቸው

.Edu ብዙ ጊዜ የትምህርት ተቋማት፣ የዩኒቨርሲቲዎች ናቸው፡፡

.Org ለትርፍ ያልተቋቋሙ ድርጅቶች ድህረ ገፆች ናቸው፡፡

ይህ መረጃ ድህረ ገፁ ለሚሰጡህ መረጃ አይነት ፍንጭ ሰጪ ናቸው፡፡

Get a general look on your research: Do you have a good balance of stories and statistics?

Citations are critical; first of all it is ethical. It is giving credit to people’s work. They also gives legitimacy to your work.

The Well-Rounded High School Student/College 

First of all have the mentality that you go to school to help yourself learn. It is important that you understand that you’re learning is your responsibility.

One great goal for yourself is to decide in this year you are going to go out for some kind of special activity. Go out and become a part of a club or become a part of a drama program or forensic program or try out for sport even if you are not that good at it. The experience will be very important for you. Many of us have for too long not engaged in new activity because we are afraid of failure. But it is very significant we within the life of the community of the school participate and try; that is where the most important learning going to take place.

“Studies develop into habits.” Francis Bacon. The idea here is of course, that we study and as we do it, we get better at it.

After High School: An educational Plan

Too often students focus on what it is they need to do after high school. I will like to bring students back, however to this topic. It is more important to consider who you are as you leave high school, your dispositions; your favorite study style, your personality table throughout the years and so on.

You don’t have to have your life planned out entirely at this point in your life. If you have acquired a good learning attitude and you understand that learning demands work and training, you are on the road to academic and personal success.

“High school is four years to prepare for forty years.” In other words high school is the place where we learn how to learn. Too many high school students rush through their four years. They say “I got to get out of high school” their primary focus is that getting out. They never consider what they are going to do afterwards. It is significant we not see school as where they do things to us but where we do things for ourselves. If you see high school as a place where they do things to you, you are going to move on to university or college and you may take that same mentality and you are going to move on maybe to work and you are going to have that same attitude and you will continue to see your boss as simply the nasty person who does things to you instead of your work as the place where you can express yourself and grow for yourself.

There are basically two or three options for the student after high school.

After High School

The problem with going into the workforce right out of high school is that often times the amount of money that one can make can be somewhat limited.

Let us discuss some of the education opportunities that are available to a student after high school. There is one overlooked option available. This is what we call Specialty and Technical Schools (TVET). Technical schools give more educational focus and skills than reading.

As we involve to TVET we don’t have as much time like for example a university or college studying 4-5 years and we are going to immediately being placed into the workforce and therefore we have to be very disciplined if we are going to get to the workforce and do well.

It will help you have a thorough understanding about your major. And this will help you in the future to develop your own enterprise in the area you studied. Additional option not to overlook is to involve into university or college as an extension program. Since TVET programs are half day programs. 

My recommendation is after you find out what you want to learn, involve in a reputable private or governmental TVET Institute and finish the 4-5 level competencies with good grades. Together with this learn extensively soft skills on your specialty (Software). You should be master in the computerized soft skills. You can take classes and you should exhaust the internet that help you to develop your soft skill in software of your specialty to the limit. This approach will make you to be sharp in your area of preference (specialty). If you feel like you need to get more educational titles, you can enroll to degree program in extension. 

For example, if you are involved in construction TVET program. the soft skills required of you are in AutoCAD, MS Project and/or Prima. 

As you join the industry, don't undersell yourself because you don't have degree. You can have a better understanding and can create more value to the companies than higher education graduates. May be as a beginner you can accept undervalued salary but as you show what you can offer to the company you should slowly discuss adjustment in payment. 

The other option or side hustle not to neglect is to enter the brokerage market (deal sourcing) and/or lead generation of your respective sector very early on. This is very important to build market intelligence in your respective expertise. It will be an entry level into the business side which will eventually lead to project managing whereby investors will give you the opportunity to manage the project to make the profits you draw them into. Now since you are both sourcing the deals as a broker and also project managing, you are getting a significant portion of the business deal. Now, stage by stage you start to get opportunities as you show what you can do.

Following through an example of construction industry, you can be the broker agent that find properties for investors and charge a fee. From there on, you can help the investors to develop the properties you found them based on your market knowledge you get from brokerage experience. Now if you can do good job this way, you can make a deal with investors to split the profit out of the deals you can get them and the properties that you develop based on the market insight you have. Th investor will only be required to invest on sensible assets and projects.

Now there is a third kind of option that we will talk about here which is a military option which is an educational option.

The primary focus in the military option is getting skills and enhanced learning which is very important. Going into the military option is a wonderful way to gain discipline for many students instead of going immediately into an academic settings like the college or the university.

We have to look ahead to the future; we have to ask ourselves where will I be in five years? Where will I be in 10 years? But more particularly who am I now?

Finding Balance

የፈጠራ ችሎታህን በምትወደው የትምህርት ክፍል እና ጥሩ እንቅስቃሴ በምታደርግበት ትምህርት ዘርፍ ላይ ለማዳበር ሞክር፡፡

መማር ከትምህርት ቤት በፊት የነበረ፣ ከትምህርት ቤት ካለቀ በኋላም የሚቀጥል እንደሆነ ተረዳ፡፡

The great Hispanic American philosopher and writer George Santayana recognized this when he said “A child educated only at school is an uneducated child.”

You need to develop curiosity and the courage to ask questions accept that there’s always more to learn.

Great students have balanced life too. Extracurricular activities, hobbies, work and exercise, family and communities are things we usually ignore as we focus on class but with the right strategy we can and should consider and be involved in these activities. Your brain does not seem to work right when you are angry stressed or afraid. This activity helps us to be refreshed.

We have to pedal our bike, knowing we are going to fall, we got to get back up and we got to do it again and again. Someday in the future when you are a great student, someone will ask you “how did it all begin for you?“ and you will have to admit “it began with my determining what really were my academic weaknesses and the courage enough to fix those weaknesses."

Eartha Kitt (1927-2008) rose from a rough childhood of poverty to become a well known entertainer, author and activist. She also happens to play cat-woman in the original Batman series in the 1960s. She declared “My tombstone will be my diploma.” She aspires to be a student until the very end. Her life was her education. So look to the superheroes for inspiration and live a lifetime of learning. Keep the beginners mind, enjoy the journey and make your tombstone your diploma.

Last advice: Never assume life is easy. Life is far from easy. But as you tackle head on, you find the joy and sense of life. And that is worth every part of the journey.

LET’S GET UP AND LET’S DO IT.

FINAL ADDED BONUS 

LIVE BY MILESTONES (NOT BY IMPULSE)

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Reference

If you can find these sources I recommend buying them and watch the videos especially for visual learners. If you find newer versions of the sources I listed above don’t hesitate to buy them; they may come up with new and modern tips and tricks to make learning simpler and fun. Nevertheless it is not a must thing to have; concept we discuss in this website will be enough to get you at the top of your academic journey.

If you have any questions, you can comment me below or alternatively you can inform me with my email: educate.yourself100@yahoo.com